Fine-needle aspiration cytology of an intrathyroidal nodule diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are common malignant tumors in the neck. However, seldom has SCC of the thyroid been diagnosed. Further, cytological features of SCC and PTC have rarely been reported. The significance of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of neck masses has been established. Herein, we present an exceedingly rare case of an intrathyroidal SCC diagnosed using FNAC, along with its cytological features.

CASE SUMMARY

A 66-year-old man presented with a left-sided neck mass. Ultrasound examination showed an ill-defined nodule. The appearance was hypoechoic with a few hyperechoic spots. FNAC of the left thyroid nodule was performed. A cellular smear was obtained, and it showed a large number of neoplastic cells with rich cytoplasm and poor cell adhesion. Tumor cell nuclei showed coarse nuclear chromatin and a few enlarged prominent nucleoli. An increased nuclear/cytoplasm ratio was observed. Thus, malignancy was diagnosed without a confirmed tumor type. Percutaneous tumor biopsy was performed to make a definite diagnosis. The tumor cells showed typical squamous cell characteristics.

CONCLUSION

Head and neck SCC and PTC have different cytologies. Measures are needed to ensure accurate diagnosis using FNAC.

Key Words: Fine-needle aspiration cytology, Intrathyroidal squamous cell carcinoma, Cytology of squamous cell carcinoma in thyroid, Cytology of papillary thyroid carcinoma, Diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration, Case report

Core Tip: Measures such as cell block, immunohistochemical analysis, and genetic testing should be considered to improve the accuracy of diagnosis using fine-needle aspiration.

INTRODUCTION

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an important diagnostic tool in various medical settings. It is a direct first-line approach for the evaluation of palpable and impalpable lesions and is faster to perform and less expensive than conventional histology, especially in cases in which only minimal laboratory infrastructure is available[1,2]. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy has also become an important part of clinical decision-making[3]. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is performed to confirm clinical and radiological suspicions of carcinoma before definitive resection.

FNA is the first choice to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules at the cellular level[4]. It allows patients with benign and malignant lesions to be triaged, thus facilitating optimum clinical and/or surgical management[5]. Thyroid FNA offers a high positive predictive value (97%-99%), with sensitivities and specificities of 65%-99% and 72%-100%, respectively[5]. The main goal of performing thyroid FNA is to triage patients to surgery, who have nodules with a high risk of malignancy, while avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures in others[6]. The minimally invasive and rapid procedure involves the use of a narrow-gauge needle to obtain a sample of a lesion for microscopic examination. During this procedure, thyroid biopsy specimens are classified by their cytological appearance as benign, suspicious (or indeterminate), or malignant. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology has been accepted worldwide[5]. Among malignant thyroid tumors, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), an indolent carcinoma with a good prognosis, is the most common[7].

However, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCs) account for approximately 750000 cases worldwide and cause 40000 deaths annually, thereby threatening human health and life[8]. Occasionally, HNSCs can be first recognized as a mass in the neck. HNSCs are characterized by metastasis and local invasion. They show a high recurrence rate after surgery or radiotherapy, and patients have a poor quality of life[9]. Direct nasopharyngolaryngoscopy is routinely performed to diagnose HNSCs, and biopsy can be performed if necessary[9]. Owing to its unique cytomorphologic and structural features, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can be diagnosed easily.

Few studies have reported on the cytomorphologic features of intra-thyroidal SCC using FNAC[10]. Herein, we present a case of an intrathyroidal SCC that presented as a giant neck mass and was suggested as being malignant after FNAC. Considering HNSCs and PTCs are both common primary malignant tumors in the neck, with HNSCs showing a poor prognosis and PTCs showing better recovery and survival rates, accurate diagnosis using FNA is not possible. Besides, the survival rate of patients with early-diagnosed HNSCs can be as high as 75%-80%; however, most patients are not diagnosed until the late stage with a long-term survival rate of only 35%[11]. No adequate evidence on differentiating HNSCs and PTCs using FNA is available. Further, methods allowing a differential diagnosis of HNSCs and PTCs at the cellular level have seldom been discussed. Therefore, in this case report, we describe the cytological features of an intrathyroidal SCC with an unusual presentation to serve as a reference for similar such cases in the future. We also compare the cytological features of HNSCs and PTCs and provide additional measures to ensure an accurate diagnosis using FNAC.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 66-year-old man presented to our hospital complaining of a left-sided neck mass for 45 d.

History of present illness

The patient noticed the mass approximately 45 d before our consultation. He complained of throat pain and difficulty in swallowing. He denied any dysphagia, dyspnea, bleeding, or body weight changes.

History of past illness

The patient mentioned a past medical history of hyperthyroidism and has been receiving the medication for the condition for over 10 years (propylthiouracil 50 mg once every other day).

Personal and family history

The patient had no other significant past history or family history.

Physical examination

Physical examination revealed a large, firm, painless, left-sided neck mass approximately 4 cm in size. No enlarged lymph nodes were noted.

Laboratory examinations

Blood analysis revealed that thyroid peroxidase and antithyroid globulin antibody levels were dramatically increased (757.97 IU/mL and 669.81 IU/mL, respectively). However, the levels of free triiodothyronine, free tetraiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were in normal range.

Imaging examinations

Ultrasound examination revealed a 4.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 2.8 cm mass in the left thyroid lobe. It was an ill-defined and lobulated nodule that was irregularly shaped, with hypoechoic and a few hyperechoic spots visible on ultrasound. Per the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS), the nodule was classified as TI-RADS 5 (Figure 1A and B). Further, enhanced computed tomography was performed. It revealed a 45 HU low-density nodule, showing weak consolidation after enhancement. Laryngoscopy showed no abnormalities (Figure 1C-E).

Figure 1 Imaging features. A and B: Ultrasound examination showing a lobulated nodule in the left thyroid with an ill-defined irregular shape; C-E: Computed tomography scan showing a hypodense mass in the left thyroid lobe (arrow).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Cytological findings

FNA of the thyroid and neck masses was performed. FNA of the thyroid mass showed a cellular smear comprising a large number of neoplastic cells and red blood cells in the background. The neoplastic cells showed poor cell adhesion and were oval or spindle-shaped. They were approximately 2-5 times the size of lymphocytes and were arranged densely in a disorderly manner (Figure 2A). High-power view showed nuclear characteristics, including hyperchromasia and coarse nuclear chromatin with occasional prominent nucleoli. Tumor cells were rich in cytoplasm, although the nuclear/cytoplasm ratio was high. Mitosis was occasionally observed (Figure 2B-D). The cells showed no signs of PTCs, including “Orphan Annie-eye” nuclei, intranuclear pseudoinclusions (due to cytoplasmic invaginations), and nuclear grooves (folds in the nuclear membrane) or psammoma bodies. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed on the FNA smear. The tumor cells showed partial positivity for the expression of p63 and negativity for the expression of thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1 (Figure 2E and F). Furthermore, genetic testing was performed, and no V600E mutation was found in the BRAF gene (Figure 3). On the basis of the mentioned evidence, we considered the tumor to be malignant. However, we could not reach a consensus on its diagnosis as PTC or HNSC. Therefore, we suggested that clinical biopsy be performed to obtain a definite diagnosis.

Figure 2 Microscopic features of cytology. A: Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid mass showing a large number of neoplastic cells and red blood cells in the background. The neoplastic cells show poor adhesion and are oval or spindle-shaped. These cells appear to be two to five times the size of lymphocytes. They are arranged densely and are disordered (×100); B-D: Image under a high-power objective lens showing neoplastic cells with coarse nuclear chromatin with occasional prominent nucleoli and the cells are rich in cytoplasm. Mitosis can be observed occasionally (×200); E: Tumor cells showing positivity for p63 (×200). F: Tumor cells showing negativity for TTF-1 (×200).

Figure 3 Genetic testing for BRAF. The result was obtained by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In this case, the sample was negative for V600E mutation in the BRAF gene.

Histological findings

Several sections measuring 0.5-1 cm in length and 0.1 cm in diameter were obtained from the tumor through percutaneous tumor biopsy. Histological sections revealed cellular nests of epithelioid cells surrounded by fibrous cells. At the end of the tissue, normal thyroid follicles were observed (Figure 4A). The tumor cells showed typical squamous cell characteristics. They were arranged in nests next to each other by intercellular bridges, with disordered cell polarity (Figure 4B). The tumor cells had enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei and rough chromatin, although they were rich in cytoplasm (Figure 4C). A battery of immunohistochemical staining procedures was performed. The tumor cells showed positivity for the expression of cytokeratin (CK), p40, and p63 and negativity for the expression of thyroglobulin (TG), TTF-1, and CD5. Besides, partial positivity for the expression of CD117 was observed (Figure 5A-H). SCC was diagnosed on the basis of this evidence.

Figure 4 Microscopic features of tissue. A: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained section of the thyroid mass showing cellular nests of epithelioid cells surrounded by fibrous cells. Toward the end of the tissue, normal thyroid follicles can be observed (×50); B: Tumor cells arranged in nests next to each other in a mosaic pattern with disordered cell polarity (×100); C: Tumor cells with enlarged nuclei with deep staining and rough chromatin, although they are chromatin-rich (×200).

Figure 5 Microscopic and immunohistochemical features (×200). A: Tumor comprising polygonal cells (hematoxylin-eosin staining); B: Positivity for CK [3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining]; C: Positivity for p63 (DAB staining); D: Positivity for p40 (DAB staining); E: Partial positivity for CD117 (DAB staining); F: Negativity for CD5 (DAB staining); G: Negativity for TTF-1(DAB staining); H: Negativity for TG (DAB staining).

TREATMENT

The patient underwent surgery to excise the tumor after it was diagnosed as SCC.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

There were no postoperative complications, and no metastasis was demonstrated on regular computed tomography scan after 0.6 year of follow-up. The general condition of the patient is quite well.

DISCUSSION

The cytological manifestations, such as intranuclear pseudoinclusions or nuclear grooves, in our case did not correspond to those in PTCs. No V600E mutation was found in the BRAF gene, which indicated a low probability of PTC. In addition, the tumor cells were found to be negative for the expression of TTF-1, which ruled out PTC. Cytological manifestations in this case included non-adhesive clusters of monomorphic cells with rich cytoplasm and enlarged nuclei, which could be considered epidermal-like cells. These features indicated a malignant tumor, thus making diagnosis using FNA difficult. Further, histological sections revealed cellular nests of epithelioid cells surrounded by fibrous cells. Tumor cells showed the presence of intercellular bridges, bizarrely shaped cells, and dense cytoplasm-features specifically associated with squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemical staining was performed. The tumor cells showed positivity for the expression of CK, p40, and p63 and negativity for the expression of TG, TTF-1, and CD5. P40 and p63 positivity indicates squamous differentiation of tumor cells. TG and TTF-1 negativity indicates that the tumor did not originate from the thyroid gland. SCC was diagnosed on the basis of histological findings.

Our case reveals that morphological features on cytological smears can indicate malignancy, however, subclassification and distinction are difficult in a subset of cases, particularly unusual cases. Usually, PTCs can be diagnosed using FNA when they exhibit typical cytological features, such as “Orphan Annie-eye” nuclei, intranuclear pseudoinclusions (due to cytoplasmic invaginations), and nuclear grooves (folds in the nuclear membrane) or psammoma bodies. Besides, the detection of a BRAF V600E mutation has a > 99% specificity for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. BRAF V600E testing is most useful during high-risk FNA when nuclear features of papillary carcinoma are suggested, although the cytological diagnosis remains uncertain[12]. Besides PTC, high-grade thyroid lymphoma, metastases from other primaries, intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma, and other thyroid tumors can be detected using FNA[13,14]. HNSCs arising from the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and nasopharynx have rarely been recognized first in the thyroid. The thyroid is the most common organ to present with neck nodules and is easily accessible via FNA. With the increasing utilization of this tool, one may encounter unusual lesions as well.

Few cytomorphological descriptions of SCCs and PTCs have been reported. Cytomorphological features of SCCs include marked variation in cell number and nuclear size and shape, marked variation in staining intensity (often hyperchromatic), and increased size and number of nucleoli. A high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio can be found as well. Tumor cells are arranged in a disorder manner and exhibit loss of polarity. PTCs also show marked variation in cell number, increased nuclear size, and oval in shape. Further, the nucleus has specific features such as “Orphan Annie-eye,” intranuclear pseudoinclusions (due to cytoplasmic invaginations), and nuclear grooves (folds in the nuclear membrane) or psammoma bodies. These tumor cells are arranged in papillary architecture.

Besides presenting the different cytological features of HNSCs and PTCs, our case reveals the difficulty in the diagnosis of unusual lesions using FNA. The limits of cytological diagnosis can be defined, including limited cell smear specimens and less preservation of the histological architecture because of the small amount of aspired cells. More specifically, specimens obtained by FNA show more cellular features than histological architecture. Thus, cell block cytology with immunohistochemical staining can better contribute to the diagnosis of difficult cases than FNAC. Cell block cytology may help increase the sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing PTCs and HNSCs. Methods to improve the accuracy of diagnosis should be further discussed. First, sufficient cytological specimens should be obtained, and cell block cytology must be considered. Second, immunohistochemical analysis or other supplementary methods such as gene testing may help validate the diagnosis. Third, the experience and diagnostic expertise of the pathologist play an important role in ensuring accurate diagnosis. Knowing the relevant diagnostic pitfalls may also help. Doctors should obtain complete details of the relevant clinical information, such as medical history and ultrasound findings. Further, using standardized reporting terminology for thyroid FNA can be recommended. Unclear diagnosis using FNA may lead to a series of consequences, such as delayed clinical treatment and prolongation of hospitalization.

CONCLUSION

According to the findings of this case, it is clear that there is a need to focus on improving the diagnosis of such cases through FNA. FNA is widely applied because it is easy to perform and results in few complications. Besides PTCs, high-grade thyroid lymphoma, metastases from other primary sites, intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma, and other thyroid tumors can be first detected using FNA[6,7]. Hence, techniques to improve the accuracy of diagnosis should be further studied. Sufficient cytological specimens should be obtained, and cell block cytology should be considered. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis or genetic testing can be performed for an accurate diagnosis.