Association between depressive mood and body image and menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Perimenopausal is the period when women's ovarian function begins to decline before and after menopause. During this period, women experience a series of mental state changes, such as decreased hormone levels, decreased libido, and even female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in severe cases, which reduces their quality of life. Factors affecting the occurrence of FSD include physiological and non-physiological factors, among which physiological factors are uncontrollable. Therefore, it is particularly important to ascertain the related non-physiological factors that affect the occurrence of FSD for improving the quality of sexual life of perimenopausal women.

AIM

To investigate the mediating effect of depressive mood and body image on menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.

METHODS

A total of 186 perimenopausal women were enrolled between January 2019 and January 2021 and divided into the FSD (134 cases) and control (52 cases) groups based on the presence and absence of FSD. Clinical data were compared between the two groups. FSD-related factors were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Body Image Scale (BIS), and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) scores were compared among women with different FSD scores. The correlation of the MRS score with the BIS and HAMD scores and the mediating effect of the BIS and HAMD scores on the MRS score and female sexual function index (FSFI) were analyzed.

RESULTS

The HAMD and BIS scores were higher in the FSD group than in the control group, and the difference in monthly income between the two groups was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Monthly income of < 2000 yuan [odds ratio (OR) = 26.586, P = 0.000], BIS score (OR = 1.590, P = 0.000), and HAMD score (OR = 1.884, P = 0.000) were independent risk factors for FSD. MRS scores were positively correlated with BIS and HAMD scores (r = 0.358 and 0.244, P = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively) and negatively correlated with FSFI scores (r = -0.433, P = 0.000). Body image and depressive mood had partial mediating effects, accounting for 39.90% of the total effect.

CONCLUSION

Depression and body image play mediating roles between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.

Key Words: Perimenopause, Depressive mood, Body image, Sexual dysfunction, Mediating effect

Core Tip: Depressive mood and body image partially mediate the relationship between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women, accounting for 39.90% of the total effect. Understanding these mediating factors can help inform interventions targeting sexual dysfunction in this population.

INTRODUCTION

Perimenopause is the period before and after menopause, when a woman’s ovarian function begins to decline. During this period, women experience alterations in their mental state, hot flashes, sweating, excitement, and irritability[1,2], which is not conducive to physical and mental health. In addition to physical discomfort, a decrease in the hormone levels, genital tissue structure, and texture, as well as vaginal mucosal atrophy, may cause low sexual desire and difficulty in sexual arousal[3], and even worse, female sexual dysfunction (FSD), which is not good for the physical and mental health of women and is also detrimental to family harmony and quality of life[4].

Relevant studies have shown that women with severe menopausal symptoms are at higher risk of developing FSD. Besides physiological factors, the occurrence of FSD is associated with multiple non-physiological factors such as sexual health concepts, income levels, negative emotions, and body image[5,6]. Xiong et al[7] reported that 90% of FSD is caused by psychological factors and that body image is strongly associated with female sexual behavior[5], both of which play a non-negligible role in the mechanism of FSD. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the correlation among menopausal symptoms, depressive state, body image, and sexual function in perimenopausal women. Therefore, the present study investigated whether depressive state and body image play a mediating role between menopausal symptoms and sexual function to provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of sexual quality of life in perimenopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants

A total of 186 perimenopausal women were recruited between January 2019 and January 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Diagnosed perimenopausal women[8]; (2) signed informed consent; (3) married, spouse alive; (4) barrier-free communication and understanding of scale content; and (5) no history of mental illness before perimenopause. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Mental disease; (2) estrogen replacement therapy; (3) heart, liver, kidney, and other vital organ disorders and severe chronic diseases; and (4) abnormal sexual function of the sexual partner, without sexual life for nearly four weeks. Women with a female sexual function index (FSFI) score < 26.55 were included in the FSD group (134 cases), and the rest were included in the control group (52 cases). Participants with a Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) score < 9 were included in the mild group, those with a score of 9-16 were included in the moderate group, and those with a score > 16 were included in the severe group. This study was approved by the Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine.

Methods

Research methods: Baseline data such as age, spouse age, education level, and monthly income were collected and compared between the FSD and control groups to analyze FSD-related factors in perimenopausal women. Body image status and degree of depression [assessed using the Body Image Scale (BIS) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores, respectively] were compared among the mild, moderate, and severe groups. The correlation between the MRS score and BIS and HAMD scores were assessed. Additionally, the mediating effects of body image status and degree of depression on menopausal symptoms and sexual function were analyzed.

Assessment of sexual function and definition of FSD: FSFI[4] was used to measure sexual function and the scale was filled out independently by the patients. The scale contains 6 dimensions and 20 items, with 0-5 points for each dimension and 1-5 points for each item, and a total score of 36 points. The lower the score, the more severe the sexual dysfunction. FSD was defined by a total score of < 26.55.

Body image assessment: BIS[9] compiled by Hopwood et al was used to measure the body image of patients. The BIS scale was completed independently by patients. The scale contains 10 items with 0-3 points for each item. Zero, 1, 2, and 3 points represent “not at all,” “a little,” “quite a lot,” and “much”, respectively. The total score is 30 points, and the higher the score, the worse the body image.

Depression assessment: The HAMD[6] was used for depression assessment. The scale contains 21 items, with 0-4 scores for each item. A total score of 7-17, 17-24, and > 24 represents mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively.

Assessment of the severity of menopausal symptoms: MRS was applied for the assessment of the severity of menopausal symptoms. The scale includes 11 items with physical, psychological, and genitourinary dimensions. Each item is scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 points for “asymptomatic,” “mild,” “moderate,” “severe,” and “very severe” symptoms, respectively. The total score is 44, with a score of < 4 for asymptomatic, 4-8 for mild, 9-16 for moderate, and 16-44 for severe symptoms.

Quality control

Before the study, two medical staff members who guided participants in filling out the questionnaire were given uniform guidance language training, and the same guidance language was applied to all participants. The questionnaire was completed independently by patients in the outpatient department and issued and collected immediately.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). Measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD. Differences between the groups were compared using the two-independent samples t-test. Count data were expressed as percentages [n (%)] and analyzed using the χ² test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences among three or more groups. The Bonferroni method was used for the pairwise comparisons. The corrected P-value (P < 0.017) was used for the pairwise comparisons. Ranked data were analyzed using the rank-sum test to compare differences among groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze FSD-related factors in perimenopausal women. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the MRS score and the BIS and HAMD scores. A structural equation model of the correlation between menopausal symptoms, sexual function, body image, and depression was established to test the mediating effect of BIS and HAMD scores on the MRS score and FSFI. A mediating effect existed if the confidence interval was not 0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Comparison of clinical data between the control and FSD groups

The HAMD and BIS scores were higher in the FSD group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The difference in the monthly income between the two groups was significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the other data between the two groups (P > 0.05; Table 1).

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the control and female sexual dysfunction groups [n (%), mean ± SD].

Factor	Control group (n = 52)	FSD group (n = 134)	t/χ2/Z	P value
Age (yr)	47.78 ± 4.03	48.49 ± 3.65	-1.156	0.249
Spouse age (yr)	51.14 ± 5.26	50.57 ± 4.80	0.707	0.480
BMI (kg/m2)	22.34 ± 2.75	22.86 ± 2.31	-1.304	0.194
Delivery times (time)	2.64 ± 0.79	2.75 ± 0.92	-0.760	0.448
BIS score (point)	9.33 ± 2.87	14.63 ± 4.52	-7.856	0.000
Education level, n (%)
Junior high school and below	34 (65.38)	102 (76.12)	-1.542	0.123
Senior middle school	14 (26.92)	27 (20.15)
College and above	4 (7.69)	5 (3.73)
Monthly income (yuan), n (%)
< 2000	21 (40.38)	100 (74.63)	-4.652	0.000
2000-5000	15 (28.85)	23 (17.16)
> 5000	16 (30.77)	11 (8.21)
HAMD score (point)	7.83 ± 2.32	13.44 ± 3.65	-10.296	0.000
Retirement, n (%)	24 (46.15)	66 (49.25)	0.144	0.704

BMI: Body mass index; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BIS: Body Image Scale; FSD: Female sexual dysfunction.

Logistic regression analysis of FSD-related factors in perimenopausal women

Monthly income of < 2000 yuan [odds ratio (OR) = 26.586, P = 0.000], BIS score (OR = 1.590, P = 0.000), and HAMD score (OR = 1.884, P = 0.000) were all independent risk factors for FSD (Table 2).

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis results of female sexual dysfunction-related factors in perimenopausal women.

Factor		β value	Standard error	Wald	P value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Monthly income	> 5000 yuan			12.820	0.002	1.000
	< 2000 yuan	3.280	0.942	12.117	0.000	26.586	4.193-168.579
	2000-5000 yuan	1.854	0.977	3.603	0.058	6.387	0.941-43.341
BIS score		0.464	0.107	18.941	0.000	1.590	1.290-1.959
HAMD score		0.633	0.124	25.981	0.000	1.884	1.477-2.403

HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BIS: Body Image Scale.

Comparison of MRS, BIS, HAMD, and FSFI scores in women with different degrees of menopausal symptoms

A comparison of the clinical data in women with different degrees of menopausal symptoms is shown in Table 3. The BIS and HAMD scores were lower in the mild and moderate groups than in the severe group. The FSFI scores were higher in the mild and moderate groups than in the severe group (all P < 0.017). The MRS scores were positively correlated with the BIS and HAMD scores (r = 0.358 and 0.244, P = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively) and negatively correlated with the FSFI scores (r = -0.433, P = 0.000; Table 4).

Table 3 Comparison of clinical data in women with different degrees of menopausal symptoms [n (%), mean ± SD].

Factor	Mild group (n = 20)	Moderate group (n = 83)	Severe group (n = 83)	F/Z	P value
Age (yr)	48.01 ± 1.54	48.62 ± 2.56	48.92 ± 2.09	1.336	0.265
Spouse age (yr)	49.30 ± 2.26	50.25 ± 3.80	50.17 ± 3.14	0.659	0.519
Delivery times (time)	2.24 ± 0.57	2.50 ± 0.96	2.58 ± 0.78	1.301	0.275
Education level, n (%)
Junior high school and below	11 (55.00)	65 (78.31)	60 (71.29)	4.484	0.106
Senior middle school	7 (35.00)	14 (16.87)	20 (24.10)
College and above	2 (10.00)	4 (4.82)	3 (3.61)
Monthly income (yuan), n (%)
< 2000	13 (65.00)	51 (61.45)	57 (68.67)	1.468	0.480
2000-5000	5 (25.00)	16 (19.28)	17 (20.48)
> 5000	2 (10.00)	16 (19.28)	9 (10.84)
Retirement, n (%)	9 (45.00)	42 (50.60)	48 (57.83)	0.200	0.654
BMI (kg/m2)	22.06 ± 1.45	22.52 ± 2.23	22.73 ± 2.30	0.781	0.459

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 4 Comparison of Menopause Rating Scale, Body Image Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, and female sexual function index scores in women with different degrees of menopausal symptoms (mean ± SD, point).

Group	BIS score	HAMD score	FSFI score
Mild (n = 20)	10.25 ± 3.18b	10.49 ± 3.13b	26.21 ± 3.97b
Moderate (n = 83)	12.13 ± 4.02b	11.08 ± 3.06b	24.38 ± 5.55b
Severe (n = 83)	15.39 ± 4.82a	13.23 ± 4.02a	20.83 ± 3.65a
F	17.671	9.688	17.633
P value	0.000	0.000	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs the moderate group.

^bP < 0.05 vs the severe group.

HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BIS: Body Image Scale; FSFI: Female sexual function index.

Analysis of the mediating effect of body image and depressive mood

Body image and depressive mood were part of the mediating effect. The mediating effect accounted for 39.90% of the total effect (-0.166/-0.416), among which the HAMD and BIS score accounted for 20.91% and 18.99%, respectively (Figure 1 and Table 5).

Figure 1 Mediating effect of Hamilton Depression Scale and Body Image Scale on Menopause Rating Scale and female sexual function index. FSFI: Female sexual function index; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BIS: Body Image Scale; MRS: Menopause Rating Scale.

Table 5 Mediating effect test of body image and depressive mood.

Effect		Effect	Standard error	t	P value	LLCI	ULCI
Total effect		-0.416	0.064	-6.524	0.000	-0.542	-0.290
Direct effect		-0.250	0.060	-4.159	0.000	-0.369	-0.132
Mediating effect	HAMD score	-0.087	0.028	-6.155	0.000	-0.150	-0.039
	BIS score	-0.079	0.025	-3.623	0.000	-0.138	-0.036

HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; BIS: Body Image Scale; LLCI: Lower limit of 95% confidence interval; ULCI: Upper limit of 95% confidence interval.

DISCUSSION

FSD problems in perimenopausal women

Perimenopause is a process involving ovarian dysfunction and sex hormone fluctuations. This stage is accompanied by symptoms of menopause, increased risk of various chronic diseases, and decline in reproductive function[10,11], causing varying degrees of negative changes to women’s physiological, psychological, and social relations. In addition to physical discomfort, another often-overlooked effect of perimenopause in women is FSD. A previous study showed that the incidence of FSD in perimenopausal women was as high as over 60%[3], which not only impacts mental health but also interferes with family harmony and stability. The occurrence of FSD cannot be separated from numerous independent risk factors. Besides physiological factors such as ovarian function decline, psychological factors also have a significant influence on the development of FSD[12]. Thus, our study investigated whether depression and body image play mediating roles.

Correlation between income and FSD

Female sexual behavior is strongly associated with several social factors. In this study, there was a significant difference in the monthly income between the FSD and control groups. A monthly income < 2000 yuan was an independent risk factor for FSD. Jin et al[13] reported that age, menstruation, financial status, and hormone supplementation were related to female sexual function, which is consistent with previous results[14]. This may be because perimenopausal women with higher monthly income may have better living conditions and enthusiasm to seek medical treatment for menopausal symptoms[15], leading to a relatively lower incidence of FSD.

Psychological factors play an important role in the development of FSD

With increasing awareness of physical and mental diseases, the role of psychological factors in FSD has received considerable attention. The current study showed that the HAMD and BIS scores were higher in the FSD group than in the control group. Moreover, BIS and HAMD scores were independent risk factors for FSD. Body image and degree of depression are vital components of individual psychological factors. Body image is a complex experience mixed with the physical self, social self, and psychological self[16], while the degree of depression is a common negative emotion of perimenopausal women, and both affects women’s sexual behavior at a non-physiological level. Perimenopausal women are often accompanied by depression, irritability, and fatigue due to the fluctuation of sex hormones[17]. An Iranian study[18] demonstrated that depressed emotions were associated with a loss of interest, energy, and self-esteem among patients. Women in depressed states find it difficult to express their emotions and desires, which hinders their willingness to engage in sexual behaviors[18]. Simultaneously, depressive mood was an independent risk factor for FSD in perimenopausal women[19,20]. These findings are consistent with our results. Physical and psychological changes during perimenopause can diminish self-confidence and worsen body image in women. Negative self-body image contributes to resistance to sexual behavior and thus reduces sexual desire and response[21], thereby resulting in the occurrence of FSD.

Effect of the severity of menopausal symptoms on body image and depression

Health management of menopausal women should not only address their physical condition but also their psychological needs. Our study showed that the MRS, BIS, and HAMD scores were lower in the mild and moderate groups than in the severe group. The MRS scores were positively correlated with the BIS and HAMD scores. Menopausal symptoms can affect psychological factors in perimenopausal women, and such women are often troubled by several physiological changes, such as hot flashes and sweating, insomnia, paresthesia, body shape change, and headache[10]. The discomfort induced by these menopausal symptoms can affect women’s mental states and attitudes toward menopause, ultimately aggravating negative evaluations of body image and depression. Hong et al[22] reported that menopausal symptoms are associated with body image, depression, and sexual communication, which mediates the correlation between menopausal symptoms and sexual function. It is also indicated that the effect of menopausal symptoms on sexual function in perimenopausal women includes both physiological and psychological factors.

Correlation between menopausal symptoms, depression, body image, and sexual function

Our data showed that the MRS score was negatively correlated with the FSFI, and body image and depressive mood had a partial mediating effect on menopausal symptoms and sexual function, accounting for 39.90% of the total effect, of which the HAMD and BIS scores accounted for 20.91% and 18.99%, respectively. Specifically, the MRS score negatively predicted the HAMD and BIS scores, whereas the HAMD and BIS scores positively predicted the FSFI score. These results reveal that menopausal symptoms affect sexual function, in part, through depressive mood and body image. This suggested that the improvement in sexual function of perimenopausal women could be achieved by improving body image and mood as well as self-cognition and negative emotions. Therefore, the sexual function of perimenopausal women can be improved from a multi-dimensional perspective. In addition to sex hormone replacement therapy and pelvic floor muscle training, the following is recommended to improve the sexual function of perimenopausal women: (1) Providing sexual health education to both spouses and strengthen sexual communication; (2) psychological intervention and antidepressant medication if necessary; (3) instructing women to exercise with body image as the target; and (4) advising family members and friends to support and tolerate perimenopausal women and encourage mutual communication. Furthermore, HAMD and BIS scores played a partial mediating role, suggesting that there may be other variables affecting sexual function, which will be the focus of future studies.

Nonetheless, this study has some limitations. The scales used are all filled out subjectively by the patients, and the samples needed to be expanded to reduce bias in the results. Moreover, there are only a handful of studies on this topic, which warrants further studies with larger sample sizes to validate our conclusions.

CONCLUSION

In summary, body image and the degree of depression in perimenopausal women have a partial mediating effect on menopausal symptoms and sexual function. In addition to the treatment of menopausal symptoms, close attention should also be paid to negative emotions and body image, to improve the sexual function in perimenopausal women.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Perimenopause is the period when women's ovarian function begins to decline before and after menopause. During this period, women experience a series of mental state changes, such as decreased hormone levels, decreased libido, and even female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in severe cases, which reduces their quality of life. Factors affecting the occurrence of FSD include physiological and non-physiological factors, among which physiological factors are uncontrollable. Therefore, it is particularly important to ascertain the related non-physiological factors that affect the occurrence of FSD for improving the quality of sexual life of perimenopausal women.

Research motivation

To observe the related non physiological factors that affect the occurrence of perimenopausal FSD, and to improve the quality of sexual life of perimenopausal women.

Research objectives

To investigate the mediating effect of depressive mood and body image on menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.

Research methods

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni method, rank-sum test, multivariate logistic regression, and Pearson correlation analysis.

Research results

The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Body Image Scale (BIS) scores were higher in the FSD group than in the control group. Monthly income of < 2000 yuan, BIS score, and HAMD score were independent risk factors for FSD. The MRS scores were positively correlated with the BIS and HAMD scores and negatively correlated with the female sexual function index scores. Body image and depressive mood had partial mediating effects, accounting for 39.90% of the total effect.

Research conclusions

Depression and body image play mediating roles between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women.

Research perspectives

This study shows that depression and body image play mediating roles between menopausal symptoms and sexual function in perimenopausal women, and reasonable countermeasures can be considered in clinic.