Breast and dorsal spine relapse of granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myelomonocytic leukemia: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is a rare malignant tumor, and relapse is even rarer in the breast and dorsal spine following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Currently, a standard treatment regimen is not available.

CASE SUMMARY

A rare case of GS of the right breast and dorsal spine after complete remission of acute myelogenous leukemia is reported here. A 55-year-old female patient presented with a palpable, growing, painless lump as well as worsening dorsal compressive myelopathy. She had a history of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML M4) and achieved complete remission after chemotherapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Imaging examinations showed the breast lump and C7-T1 epidural masses suspected of malignancy. Histologic results were compatible with GS in both the right breast and dorsal spine, which were considered extramedullary relapse of the AML treated 4 years earlier.

CONCLUSION

A rare case of GS relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and guidelines for treatment are discussed.

Key Words: Granulocytic sarcoma, Breast, Dorsal spine, Acute myeloid leukemia, Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Case report

Core Tip: Granulocytic sarcoma is unusual, and relapse in the breast and dorsal spine after complete remission of acute myeloid leukemia is even rarer. Imaging examinations and histopathologic examinations are essential for the final diagnosis. We reviewed the associated literature and found that the survival rate of the relapse is poor. At present, more prospective studies and clinical trials are needed to standardize its treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS), also known as myeloid sarcoma, is an uncommon extramedullary malignant tumor of immature granulocytic cells[1]. GS is often associated with hematological malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome, biphenotypic leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, especially following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT)[2]. GS may occur at any site in the body but especially in skin and soft tissues, bones, lymph nodes and the gastrointestinal tract[3]. However, its simultaneous involvement of two organs, breast tissue and dorsal spine, after transplantation is uncommon[4,5].

Here, we report a rare case of a female patient with AML who presented with a painless lump in the right breast and complained of neck pain. The imaging findings of the lesions in the breast and dorsal spine have been described, and this is the first report showing the positron-emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of GS in the breast and dorsal spine. The present case is extremely rare because the relapse after complete remission upon chemotherapy and allo-HSCT is rare. In addition, the involvement of two organs is unusual.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 55-year-old female presented to The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China) on March 4, 2021 with a palpable, painless mass in the right breast that had been present for 1 year.

History of present illness

The patient presented with a palpable mass on her right breast, which grew rapidly over a month. In addition, she had a 10-mo history of progressive neck pain and upper limb radiating pain with numbness and weakness in both arms.

History of past illness

The patient was diagnosed with AML M4 in our hospital on September 12, 2017 and achieved complete remission after induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine. In January 2018, allo-HSCT was performed, and it stabilized her condition.

Personal and family history

No special notes.

Physical examination

Upon physical examination, a movable mass measuring 3.0 cm × 4.0 cm in diameter was palpated on the upper inner quadrant of the right breast, with no palpable axillary lymph nodes. The patient had severe neck pain, limited neck movement and forced postures on admission. Neck tenderness was obvious. Neck compression test, brachial plexus pulling test and bilateral Hoffman test were positive.

Laboratory examinations

No special notes.

Imaging examinations

Sonographic images of the breasts showed a single, irregular, heterogeneous hypoechoic mass with ill-defined margins at the upper inner quadrant of the right breast measuring approximately 3.5 cm × 3.8 cm (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Sonographic image of the patient’s right breast. A hypoechoic mass, measuring 3 cm 4 cm, was found in the upper inner quadrant.

PET/MRI was performed and showed contrast enhancement of a mass on the upper inner quadrant of the right breast. The mass was hyperactive on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, suggesting malignancy (Figure 2). The right side of the C7 vertebral body, T1 vertebral body and its accessories showed low signal on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images. Soft tissue shadow could be seen around the spinous process and protruded into the spinal canal, resulting in spinal stenosis and partial spinal cord compression (Figure 3).

Figure 2 Positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed contrast enhancement of multiple masses in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast. A: Magnetic resonance (MR) showed the mass was hyperactive on T1-weighted images; B: MR showed a soft tissue shadow in the right breast on T2-weighted images; C: Positron-emission tomography showed the fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of the right breast enhanced.

Figure 3 Positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed densely enhancing homogeneous masses in the spinal canal at the C7/T1 levels. A: Magnetic resonance (MR) showed the right side of C7/T1 vertebral body and its accessories as a low signal on T1-weighted images; B: MR showed soft tissue shadow at the C7/T1 levels on T2-weighted images; C: Positron-emission tomography showed the fluorodeoxyglucose uptake enhanced at the C7/T1 levels.

FURTHER DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP

Core-needle biopsy of the breast lesion was performed, and the patient underwent posterior C7-T2 Laminectomy, nerve root exploration and release, gross total removal of epidural site of lesion, C4-T3 posterolateral bone graft and pedicle screw rod internal fixation.

Postoperative histopathology was reported as GS of breast and dorsal spine after microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry. Histological analysis performed at our institution showed the breast tumor was infiltrated with medium-sized cells, finely dispersed chromatin and small distinct nucleoli with scant cytoplasm (Figure 4A). Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that the tissue was positive for myeloperoxidase, CD117, CD34, CD68 (Figure 4B-E) and P120 and negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, c-ERBB2 and E-cadherin. The Ki67 proliferation index was approximately 80% (Figure 4F).

Figure 4 Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast in pathological study. A: Histology showed a diffuse infiltrate of medium-sized cells with finely dispersed chromatin and small distinct nucleoli with scant cytoplasm (hematoxylin and eosin, × 200 magnification); B-F: Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast was positive for myeloperoxidase (B: × 200 magnification), CD117 (C: × 200 magnification), CD34 (D: × 200 magnification), CD68 (E: × 200 magnification) and Ki67 proliferation index approximately 80% (F: × 200 magnification).

The pathological study of the dorsal spine revealed that the tumor cells were round-shaped, small to intermediate in size, with scant cytoplasm and small nucleoli (Figure 5A). According to the immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells showed strong immunoreactivity for myeloperoxidase (Figure 5B), CD117 (Figure 5C) and Ki67. Lysozyme (Figure 5D), CD34 (Figure 5E) and CD38 (Figure 5F) showed weak staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, Kappa, Lambda and CD3 were negative.

Figure 5 Granulocytic sarcoma of the dorsal spine in pathological study. A: Histology showed a diffuse infiltrate of intermediate-sized cells with scant cytoplasm and small nucleoli (hematoxylin and eosin, × 200 magnification); B-F: Granulocytic sarcoma of the dorsal spine was positive for myeloperoxidase (B: × 200 magnification), CD117 (C: × 200 magnification), lysozyme (D: × 200 magnification), CD34 (E: × 200 magnification) and CD38 (F: × 200 magnification).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Combined with her medical history, the final diagnosis of the case was breast and dorsal spine relapse of GS after allo-HSCT for AML.

TREATMENT

After the patient underwent the spinal surgery, we recommended mastectomy and postoperative chemotherapy, but she refused because of her financial circumstances.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient died on the 9^th day after she was released from the hospital.

DISCUSSION

Allo-HSCT is an effective post-remission therapy for patients with AML. However, extramedullary relapse occurred after allo-HSCT, resulting in treatment failure and a poor outcome. The incidence of GS relapse after allo-HSCT for AML patients ranges from 0.65% to 9.00%[6], and it is the main cause of death in AML patients. The prognosis after GS relapse is poor, and effective strategies are needed to improve outcomes after transplantation.

Granulocytic sarcoma relapse following allo-HSCT of AML is extremely rare[7]. A European retrospective analysis reported that GS occurred 4-56 mo after HSCT in less than 1% of transplanted patients[8]. GS relapse may occur in any part of the body. The Mayo Clinic reported that only 3% of cases were localized to the breast[8]. The combined involvement of breast and dorsal spine following allo-HSCT treatment is even rarer[9]. To our knowledge, the present case is the first report that described the simultaneous involvement of the breast and dorsal spine following HSCT.

Breast GS is easy to be misdiagnosed as breast carcinoma or lymphoma due to its rare incidence and nonspecific manifestations. The patients often notice a painless, palpable mass in the breast through self-examination. In the present case, the patient exhibited a rapidly growing mass but no other associated symptoms, such as nipple discharge or skin involvement.

Similarly, imaging findings are nonspecific. Previous reports revealed that ultrasonic manifestations of GS lesions were mostly low echoic induced by rich blood flow with well-defined or ill-defined margins[10]. Most mammogram cases may report noncalcified masses with variable size and ill-defined borders[11]. MRI normally shows GS as multiple, ill-defined, heterogeneous and hyperintense masses on T2-weighted images but shows iso- to hypointense on T1-weighted images[12,13]. Unfortunately, MR images do not have characteristic findings of GS either.

MRI findings of the dorsal spine show slightly enhanced extradural masses on T1-weighted images but show intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Spinal involvement by GS to the extent of producing symptoms of compressive myelopathy are uncommon and limited to case reports.

Single tissue sites of GS have been reported, but the multiple tissue sites of GS have rarely been reported in the medical literature. PET-computed tomography (CT) is more effective in the detection of multiple sites of GS than other diagnostic tools, such as CT or MRI. PET/MRI is a relatively novel technology that combines the anatomic and quantitative strengths of MRI with physiologic information obtained from PET. Compared to PET-CT scans, PET/MRI exposes patients to less radiation. Furthermore, PET/MRI is more effective in studying soft tissues of the human body. Given the higher cost and complexity of operating and interpreting the studies obtained on a PET/MRI system, it has not been applied as widely as PET-CT. To our knowledge, the present case is the first report that describes the PET/MRI of multiple sites of GS.

To confirm the final diagnosis of GS, the pathological study, including histological and immunohistochemical findings are helpful. CD34, a monoclonal antibody directed against the surface glycoprotein on normal myeloid and mixed colony-forming cells, can be used to distinguish GS from malignant lymphoma and help recognize early myeloid cells. However, Mourad et al[14] considered myeloperoxidase to be more sensitive than CD34 because most GS cells are positive for myeloperoxidase. Other CD markers, such as CD13, CD117, CD68 and CD43, were also positive in most cases. Some epithelial markers, including CK7, MNF116, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and E-cadherin are often negative in GS cells but positive in normal tissue.

Optimal therapeutic approaches for GS after allo-HSCT have not been well defined, but options include chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of the two. Recurrence after bone marrow transplantation is related to poor prognosis since recurrence reflects resistance or failure to respond to therapy[15]. As for the treatment of GS relapse, there is currently no consensus. Depending on the clinical situation, the treatment for GS may vary from chemotherapy to radiotherapy. However, the survival rate of GS relapse after allo-HSCT is very poor. In the present case, the patient died on the 9^th day after hospital discharge.

CONCLUSION

GS relapse following allo-HSCT is uncommon. Experience in treatment of the disease is currently limited, and further study of combined-modality therapy is required. New prospective studies and clinical trials are needed to generate guidelines for the treatment of GS relapse following allo-HSCT.