Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2025; 15(8): 108704
Published online Aug 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.108704
Association between anxiety-depression status and psychological resilience in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A risk factor analysis
Yu-Xiang Cai, Yan-Jin Wang, Jian Liu
Yu-Xiang Cai, Yan-Jin Wang, Jian Liu, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
Author contributions: Cai YX designed the research and wrote the first manuscript; Cai YX, Wang YJ and Liu J contributed to conceiving the research and analyzing data; Cai YX and Liu J conducted the analysis and provided guidance for the research; all authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University.
Informed consent statement: Patients were not required to give informed consent to the study because the analysis used anonymous clinical data that were obtained after each patient agreed to treatment by written consent.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jian Liu, MD, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China. doclj2015@163.com
Received: April 30, 2025
Revised: June 3, 2025
Accepted: June 19, 2025
Published online: August 19, 2025
Processing time: 100 Days and 2.4 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is commonly accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, which can significantly impair patients’ cognitive function, social engagement, and quality of life. Psychological resilience has been identified as a critical factor influencing the severity of these emotional disturbances.

AIM

To explore the relationship between anxiety-depression status and psychological resilience in patients with PD and to identify associated risk factors.

METHODS

A total of 188 consecutive patients with PD treated at our institution between January 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. Anxiety was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression scale (GDS), and psychological resilience was evaluated using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among these variables. Furthermore, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics-including gender, age, disease duration, disease severity, comorbidity burden, marital status, gross monthly household income, and educational attainment-were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression to identify the factors influencing psychological resilience.

RESULTS

The mean BAI score was 22.05 ± 10.52 (indicative of moderate anxiety), the mean GDS score was 15.81 ± 5.49 (mild depression), and the mean CD-RISC score was 51.03 ± 9.32 (moderate resilience). Correlational analysis revealed an inverse relationship between psychological resilience and both anxiety and depression scores, whereas anxiety and depression were positively correlated. Univariate analysis identified disease duration, disease severity, comorbidity burden, gross monthly household income, educational attainment, BAI scores, and GDS scores as variables significantly associated with psychological resilience. Multivariate regression analysis showed that advanced disease stage, a high comorbidity burden, lower gross monthly household income, lower educational attainment, and elevated anxiety and depression scores were independent predictors of reduced psychological resilience.

CONCLUSION

The findings highlight the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with PD and the presence of moderate psychological resilience. Patients with advanced disease stages, multiple comorbidities, lower socioeconomic status, limited education, and higher anxiety and depression scores are particularly vulnerable to diminished psychological resilience.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; Anxiety; Depression; Psychological resilience; Risk factors

Core Tip: Current research on the relationship between anxiety-depression states and psychological resilience in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains limited, particularly regarding a comprehensive analysis of associated risk factors. This study identified a significant inverse relationship between the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms and the levels of psychological resilience in patients with PD. Furthermore, several key factors were found to significantly inhibit psychological resilience, including a high comorbidity burden, socioeconomic disadvantages (specifically low income and limited educational attainment), and severe emotional symptoms, as assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale scores.