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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Diabetic foot syndrome: Immune-inflammatory features as possible cardiovascular markers in diabetes
Antonino Tuttolomondo, Carlo Maida, Antonio Pinto, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, U.O.C di Medicina Interna e Cardioangiologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
Author contributions: Tuttolomondo A and Pinto A prepared the manuscript; Maida C contributed to the manuscript preparation and literature review.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Antonino Tuttolomondo, MD, PhD, Professor, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, U.O.C di Medicina Interna e Cardioangiologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy. bruno.tuttolomondo@unipa.it
Telephone: +39-091-6552128 Fax: +39-091-6552285
Received: March 13, 2014
Peer-review started: March 14, 2014
First decision: May 14, 2014
Revised: June 6, 2014
Accepted: August 27, 2014
Article in press: August 31, 2014
Published online: January 18, 2015
Peer-review started: March 14, 2014
First decision: May 14, 2014
Revised: June 6, 2014
Accepted: August 27, 2014
Article in press: August 31, 2014
Published online: January 18, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: An immune activation has been reported as important at several stages in the development of chronic wounds of diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). Immune-inflammatory up regulation may precede the incidence of DFS in the same way that it precedes some major cardiovascular diabetic complication such as coronary heart disease as reported by some studies that showed a significant negative correlation of adiponectin plasma levels with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and with previous cerebrovascular events such as previous transient ischemic attack/stroke and new onset events thus underlining the role of hypo-adiponectinaemia as a cardiovascular predictive factor in DFS.