Healthcare utilization and costs associated with gastroparesis

Table 1 Number and frequency of discharges with gastroparesis by patient and hospital characteristics in 1997 and 2013 n (%)

Factor	1997			2013
	Total	Gastroparesis	Gastroparesis per 10000 discharges	Total	Gastroparesis	Gastroparesis per 10000 discharges
Total discharges, n	33232257	3978	1.2	35597792	16460	4.62
Age (yr), mean ± SE	46.9 ± 0.37	53.1 ± 0.93	-	48.7 ± 0.20	46.5 ± 0.40	-
Age (yr)
< 1	4272022 (12.9)	4 (0.11)	0.01	4232808 (11.9)	55 (0.33)	0.13
1-17	1766762 (5.3)	88 (2.2)	0.5	1393028 (3.9)	735 (4.5)	5.3
18-44	9074287 (27.3)	1335 (33.6)	1.5	8727809 (24.5)	6825 (41.5)	7.8
45-64	6226757 (18.7)	1279 (32.1)	2.1	8753270 (24.6)	5985 (36.4)	6.8
65-84	9645107 (29.0)	1109 (27.9)	1.1	9581434 (26.9)	2530 (15.4)	2.6
85+	2246309 (6.8)	164 (4.1)	0.73	2906938 (8.2)	330 (2.0)	1.1
Gender
Male	13635083 (41.0)	1255 (31.5)	0.92	15154195 (42.6)	4565 (27.7)	3
Female	19594784 (59.0)	2724 (68.5)	1.4	20436357 (57.4)	11895 (72.3)	5.8
Race
White	19121956 (72.8)	2511 (76.0)	1.3	22044881 (66.1)	10255 (65.3)	4.7
Black	3643618 (13.9)	542 (16.4)	1.5	4951772 (14.8)	3455 (22.0)	7
Hispanic	2399687 (9.1)	149 (4.5)	0.62	4079463 (12.2)	1450 (9.2)	3.6
Other	1116457 (4.2)	104 (3.2)	0.93	2285194 (6.8)	555 (3.5)	2.4
Diabetes type I
No	31704513 (95.4)	3451 (86.7)	1.09	35230452 (99.0)	15690 (95.3)	4.5
Yes	1527744 (4.6)	527 (13.3)	3.4	367340 (1.03)	770 (4.7)	21
Diabetes type II
No	30506553 (91.8)	3561 (89.5)	1.2	28484056 (80.0)	12430 (75.5)	4.4
Yes	2725703 (8.2)	417 (10.5)	1.5	7113736 (20.0)	4030 (24.5)	5.7
Abdominal pain
No	33090536 (99.6)	3894 (97.9)	1.2	35272547 (99.1)	15460 (93.9)	4.4
Yes	141721 (0.43)	85 (2.1)	6	325245 (0.91)	1000 (6.1)	30.7
Nausea and vomiting
No	33023309 (99.4)	3641 (91.5)	1.1	35111052 (98.6)	14915 (90.6)	4.2
Yes	208948 (0.6)	338 (8.5)	16.2	486740 (1.4)	1545 (9.4)	31.7
PEG tube
No	33123551 (99.7)	3907 (98.2)	1.2	35330272 (99.2)	15805 (96.0)	4.5
Yes	108706 (0.33)	72 (1.8)	6.6	267520 (0.75)	655 (4.0)	24.5
CCI, mean ± SE	2.1 ± 0.02	2.2 ± 0.10	-	2.5 ± 0.01	2.3 ± 0.04	-
CCI
0-1	17337338 (52.2)	1704 (42.8)	0.98	16487769 (46.3)	7645 (46.4)	4.6
2-3	6334834 (19.1)	1141 (28.7)	1.8	7119525 (20.0)	4580 (27.8)	6.4
4-5	6450519 (19.4)	850 (21.4)	1.3	6656101 (18.7)	2660 (16.2)	4
6-7	2260947 (6.8)	255 (6.4)	1.1	3543623 (10.0)	1080 (6.6)	3
8+	848620 (2.6)	27 (0.69)	0.32	1790774 (5.0)	495 (3.0)	2.8
Primary payer
Medicare	12070472 (36.4)	1737 (43.8)	1.4	13986550 (39.4)	6290 (38.2)	4.5
Medicaid	5449545 (16.4)	422 (10.6)	0.77	7417129 (20.9)	3405 (20.7)	4.6
Private Insurance	12814962 (38.7)	1471 (37.1)	1.1	10851650 (30.5)	5215 (31.7)	4.8
Other	2817077 (8.5)	334 (8.4)	1.2	3287333 (9.2)	1540 (9.4)	4.7
Median household income (quartile)
1	10702405 (34.1)	1374 (37.1)	1.3	10199933 (29.3)	5165 (31.9)	5.1
2	6426395 (20.5)	703 (19.0)	1.09	9174852 (26.4)	4255 (26.3)	4.6
3	4764143 (15.2)	557 (15.1)	1.2	8400391 (24.1)	3755 (23.2)	4.5
4	9469814 (30.2)	1068 (28.8)	1.1	7023922 (20.2)	3015 (18.6)	4.3
Inflation-adjusted costs (2013 $), mean ± SE	8248.8 ± 156.8	9198.2 ± 570.9		39513.3 ± 480.5	34585.3 ± 895.6
Hospital region
Northeast	6784680 (20.4)	683 (17.2)	1.01	6730965 (18.9)	2730 (16.6)	4.1
Midwest	7740558 (23.3)	712 (17.9)	0.92	8004912 (22.5)	3245 (19.7)	4.1
South	12373654 (37.2)	2028 (51.0)	1.6	13818031 (38.8)	7940 (48.2)	5.7
West	6333365 (19.1)	554 (13.9)	0.87	7043884 (19.8)	2545 (15.5)	3.6
Hospital bed size
Small	5284821 (16.0)	480 (12.2)	0.91	4884892 (13.7)	1980 (12.0)	4.1
Medium	11048191 (33.4)	1328 (33.6)	1.2	9512936 (26.7)	4790 (29.1)	5
Large	16765043 (50.7)	2144 (54.2)	1.3	21199964 (59.6)	9690 (58.9)	4.6
Hospital location
Rural	5165800 (15.6)	655 (16.6)	1.3	3954149 (11.1)	1355 (8.2)	3.4
Urban	27932254 (84.4)	3297 (83.4)	1.2	31643643 (88.9)	15105 (91.8)	4.8
Hospital teaching status
Non-teaching hospital	20931033 (63.2)	2675 (67.7)	1.3	17188858 (48.3)	7150 (43.4)	4.2
Teaching hospital	12167021 (36.8)	1278 (32.3)	1.05	18408934 (51.7)	9310 (56.6)	5.1

Data presented as Frequency (%) unless otherwise specified. SE: Standard error.