Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and food-specific immunoglobulin G in Southwest China

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

Variables		Total, n = 21822	H. pylori negative, n = 13239	H. pylori positive, n = 8583	P value
Demographic data
	Sex (female), n (%)	9426 (43.2)	5791 (43.7)	3635 (42.4)	0.043
	Age (yr)	43.82 ± 10.98	43.49 ± 11.10	44.32 ± 10.76	< 0.001
	Drinking, n (%)	2295 (10.5)	1304 (9.8)	991 (11.5)	< 0.001
	Smoking, n (%)	4578 (21.0)	2661 (20.1)	1917 (22.3)	< 0.001
Anthropometric data
	Body weight (kg)	64.08 ± 12.02	63.52 ± 11.83	64.94 ± 12.26	< 0.001
	Height (cm)	163.65 ± 8.23	163.48 ± 8.26	163.90 ± 8.18	< 0.001
	BMI (kg/m2)	23.81 ± 3.37	23.65 ± 3.33	24.05 ± 3.41	< 0.001
	SBP (mmHg)	117.43 ± 17.08	117.28 ± 16.92	117.67 ± 17.31	0.099
	DBP (mmHg)	72.86 ± 11.39	72.76 ± 11.24	73.01 ± 11.62	0.109
Laboratory data
	ALT (U/L)	23 (16, 36)	23 (16, 36)	24 (16, 38)	< 0.001
	AST (U/L)	27.20 ± 19.03	27.26 ± 21.89	27.10 ± 13.47	0.530
	GGT (U/L)	24 (15, 42)	23 (15, 41)	24 (15, 45)	< 0.001
	Creatinine (μmol/L)	67.24 ± 21.41	67.01 ± 23.54	67.58 ± 17.62	0.058
	Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.11 ± 1.33	5.07 ± 1.24	5.16 ± 1.46	< 0.001
	HbA1c (%)	5.54 ± 0.79	5.51 ± 0.74	5.58 ± 0.87	< 0.001
	Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.86 ± 0.95	4.84 ± 0.94	4.89 ± 0.96	< 0.001
	Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.38 (0.95, 2.08)	1.67 (1.15, 2.45)	1.09 (0.80, 1.56)	< 0.001
	LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.87 ± 0.81	2.86 ± 0.81	2.90 ± 0.83	< 0.001
	HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.33 ± 0.33	1.33 ± 0.33	1.31 ± 0.33	< 0.001
	Uric acid (μmol/L)	345.40 ± 90.58	343.64 ± 90.40	348.11 ± 90.80	< 0.001

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic pressure; DBP: Diastolic pressure; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and food-specific immunoglobulin G positivity in different age groups

Age in yr	Number	H. pylori infection, n (%)	Food-specific IgG positivity, n (%)
			Egg	Milk	Wheat
Male
18-29	903	296 (32.8)	409 (45.3)	188 (20.8)	126 (14.0)
30-39	3258	1292 (39.7)	858 (26.3)	350 (10.7)	167 (5.1)
40-49	4714	1835 (38.9)	746 (15.8)	256 (5.4)	126 (2.7)
≥ 50	3521	1525 (43.3)	512 (14.5)	188 (5.3)	71 (2.0)
Total	12396	4948 (39.9)	2525 (20.4)	982 (7.9)	490 (4.0)
Linear by linear association value		26.981	436.396	260.529	212.714
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Female
18-29	978	311 (31.8)	535 (54.7)	199 (20.3)	100 (10.2)
30-39	2747	1031 (37.5)	1102 (40.1)	361 (13.1)	197 (7.2)
40-49	3263	1355 (41.5)	795 (24.4)	250 (7.7)	198 (6.1)
≥ 50	1587	938 (38.5)	535 (21.9)	181 (7.4)	91 (3.7)
Total	9426	3635 (38.6)	2967 (31.5)	991 (10.5)	586 (6.2)
Linear by linear association value		12.391	462.821	143.539	54.716
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IgG: Immunoglobulin G.

Table 3 The risk of food-specific immunoglobulin G positivity according to Helicobacter pylori infection

	Non-adjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Eggs	0.814 (0.764-0.867)	0.844 (0.791-0.901)	0.873 (0.812-0.938)	0.871 (0.810-0.936)
Milk	0.714 (0.647-0.788)	0.741 (0.671-0.818)	0.751 (0.669-0.842)	0.746 (0.665-0.838)
Wheat	0.720 (0.631-0.820)	0.755 (0.662-0.861)	0.787 (0.681-0.909)	0.788 (0.682-0.910)

Model 1: adjusted for sex and age; Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 plus body mass index, hemoglobulin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, drinking and smoking; Model 3: adjusted for Model 2 plus alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, creatinine, uric acid, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.