Diabetes and skin cancers: Risk factors, molecular mechanisms and impact on prognosis

Table 1 Effect of antidiabetic drugs on skin cancers

Antidiabetic drug[86-102]	Effect on skin cancers
Metformin	Protein synthesis inhibition in the skin cancer cells by blocking the mTOR pathway via DNA DDIT 4
Thioglitazones (e.g., pioglitazone)	Upregulation of p27kip1 and apoptotic induction via gene upregulation like PTEN, p53, and BAX, and downregulation of antiapoptotic molecules and survival in the skin cancer cells
SGLT-2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin)	Reducing skin cancer growth by inhibition of cellular respiration
Insulin-like analogues	Promote tumour proliferation by functioning as growth factors
DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin)	Reducing the risk of skin cancer by inhibiting the cutaneous autoimmunity
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (e.g., albiglutide)	Inhibiting the epidermal growth factor and growth of cancerous cells

BAX: BCL2-associated X; DDIT 4: Damage inducible transcript 4; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; SGLT-2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.