Review of simulation model for education of point-of-care ultrasound using easy-to-make tools

Table 1 Ingredients and classification of simulator according to surrounding materials used in simulators

Surrounding materials	Ref.	Brand of main materials (A)	Ingredients for echogenicity (B)	Other ingredients (C)	Ratio or amount (A: B: C)	Target simulator
Gelatin based	Lo et al[18]	Jell-O gelatin cherry flavor (Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, United States )	Sugar-free Metamucil (P and G, Cincinnati, OH, USA) brand psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber	NA	12:4 tablespoons in 1 L water	Soft tissue abscess
	Wilson et al[53]
	Chao et al[23]	Unflavored gelatin powder, not mentioned brand name	sugar-free psyllium fiber (Metamucil Sugar Free; P and G)	NA	40 g: 20 g in 250 mL water	Soft tissue abscess, central vein access, foreign body
	Seguin and Tessaro[29]	Beef gelatin powder, not mentioned brand name	Orange colored psyllium fiber (Metamucil sugar free; P and G)	NA	90 mL: 60 mL in 500 mL water	Intubation
	Merali et al[13]
	Do and Lee[28]	Gelatin, not mentioned brand name	Agar, no mentioned brand name	NA	20 g:1 g in 60 mL water	Lung, A-lines, B-lines, pleural effusion
	Zerth et al[26]	Plain gelatin, not mentioned brand name	NA	Green and red food coloring, surgical iodine solution	16 oz (473 mL): several drop of coloring agent + 120 mL iodine in 4 quarts (3785 mL) water	Pericardial effusion
	Cuévas Gonzales[25]	Unflavored gelatin, not mentioned brand name	NA	70% ethanol	100 g: 30 mL in 500 mL water	Eye (normal, foreign body, ONS, dislocation of lens, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment)
	Murphy et al[15]	Unflavored gelatin, not mentioned brand name	sugar-free psyllium powder (e.g., Metamucil Sugar Free Dietary Fiber Supplement; P and G)	NA	Not mentioned gelatin amount, one tablespoon Metamucil in 250 mL water	ONS
	Soucy et al[27]	Sugar-free gelatin, not mentioned brand name	Metamucil (P and G)		20 g: 10 g (1 tablespoon) in 250 mL water	Skull fracture
	Amato et al[24]	Unflavored gelatin, not mentioned brand name	NA	NA		Vascular access
	Cheruparambath et al[22]	Plain gelatin, not mentioned brand name	Coarsely ground finger millet (Eleusine coracana) flour	NA	15 g: 20 g in 1.2 L water	Vascular access
	Chao et al[23]	Unflavored gelatin, not mentioned brand name	Sugar-free psyllium fiber (Metamucil Sugar Free; P and G)	NA	40 g: 20 g in 250 mL water	Vascular access
	Rathbun et al[39]	unflavored Knox gelatin (Kraft Foods)	Sugar-free psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber (sugar-free Metamucil; P and G)	NA	4 envelopes of Knox gelatin add 1 tablespoon of Metamucil (2 cups a of cold water)	Nerve block
Agar based	Earle et al[32]	Agar, not mentioned brand name		Flour (1 teaspoon) Red dye ethanol	38 g: 750 mL water (for 5% model) Compare 4 different concentrations (10%, 7.5%, 5%, 2.5% by weight)	Vascular access
	Nikitichev et al[33]	Agar (A7002; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States)	NA	NA	5.5% by weight	Vascular access
Ballistics gel based	Morrow et al[35]	10% ballistic gelatin (Clear Ballistics LLC, Fort Smith, AR, United States)	Not required. Main material provided the sonographic appearance similar to human tissue	Clear gel dye if needed	NA	Soft tissue abscess
	Seguin and Tessaro[29]	ballistic medical gelatin #3 (Clear Ballistics)	psyllium fiber (Metamucil sugar free; P and G),	ballistic gelatin dye (Clear Ballistics)	250 mL: 5 mL: 45 mL	Intubation
	Young and Kuntz[38]	Ballistics gel, plastic Halloween skeleton thorax, plastic, manikin dress-form torso	NA	flesh-colored dye	NA	Pericardial effusion
	Morrow and Broder[34]	10% ballistic gelatin (Clear Ballistics LLC)	NA	NA	NA	Vascular access
	Amini et al[36]	Clear ballistic gel, not mentioned brand name	NA	NA	NA	Vascular access
Gel and wax based	Campo Dell’orto et al[20]	Gel wax (mixed store, 74532 Ilshofen)	Gel (Sonosid 1 L, Asid Bonz GmbH, 71083 Herrenberg, PZN 5362311)	Silicon skin/Thera-Band (Schmidt Sports PHYSIO TAPE, 42699 Solingen, Art.Nr. 111202)	NA	Pericardial effusion
	Daly et al[37]	Gel wax, flour, plastic artificial rib cage (axial skeleton)	NA	Silicon skin/Thera-Band (Schmidt Sports PHYSIO TAPE, 42699 Solingen, Art.Nr. 111202)	One gallon (4546 mL) gel wax + three tablespoons of flour	Pericardial effusion

NA: Not applicable; ONS: Optic nerve sheath.