Liver transplantation for severe portopulmonary hypertension: A case report and literature review

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is not uncommon in patients waiting for liver transplantation (LT). Severe PoPH has a very high perioperative mortality rate and is still considered a contraindication for LT. Many patients with liver disease require but cannot receive LT due to severe PoPH and eventually died. We report a patient with severe PoPH who underwent successful LT and had near normal pulmonary pressure without drug treatment.

CASE SUMMARY

A 39-year-old woman was hospitalized with the chief complaint of jaundice and exertional dyspnea and fatigue. Caroli disease and liver cirrhosis was diagnosed 6 years previously. Her liver disease met the criteria for LT. However, right heart catheterization showed that her mean pulmonary artery pressure was increased at 50 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance was 460 dyn∙s/cm⁵ and pulmonary artery wedge pressure was 20 mmHg, which may have been the reasons for her chief complaint. The patient was diagnosed with severe PoPH and was not listed for LT immediately. After 5 mo of pharmacotherapy, her severe PoPH was moderate, and she underwent successful LT. Pulmonary artery pressure steadily decreased according to post-operative echocardiographic monitoring and drugs have been discontinued for a month.

CONCLUSION

The safety of LT can be greatly improved by reducing mean pulmonary artery pressure to a low level, and LT may cure PoPH.

Key Words: Portopulmonary hypertension, Pharmacotherapy, Liver transplantation, Pulmonary hypertension crisis, Treatment, Case report

Core tip: Peri-operative pharmacotherapy was administered to a patient with portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) to reduce pulmonary pressure in order to ensure the safety of liver transplantation (LT). LT may eventually cure severe PoPH.

INTRODUCTION

Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is characterized by pulmonary hypertension resulting from portal hypertension. It is not uncommon in patients waiting for liver transplantation (LT) and accounts for up to 10.4% in patients with advanced liver disease[1]. The diagnostic criteria for PoPH are portal hypertension (ascites, shunt, splenomegaly, with or without liver disease), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) > 25 mmHg, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) < 15 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) > 3 WU (240 dyn∙s/cm⁵)[2].

PoPH is classified into three levels based on mPAP: 25-35 mmHg indicates mild PoPH, 35-45 mmHg indicates moderate PoPH and more than 45 mmHg indicates severe PoPH. The pathogenesis of PoPH is still unclear. High dynamic circulation, an imbalance of endothelial vasoactive substances and portosystemic shunt may all be risk factors. Studies have shown that female gender or having an autoimmune liver disease increase the risk of PoPH[3]. A previous history of portosystemic shunt also increases the risk of PoPH[4]. There is no significant correlation between the severity of liver disease and PoPH. The prognosis in untreated PoPH patients is poor, and the 5-year survival rate can be as low as 14%, which is independent of the severity of portal hypertension and Child-Pugh grade[5].

LT can significantly improve the prognosis of PoPH patients; it was reported that the survival rate can reach 85.7% based on an average follow-up period of 7.8 years[6]. However, the risks involved in surgery rise sharply with increased PAP. The mortality following LT is reported to be 100% in patients with severe PoPH if mPAP ≥ 50 mmHg[7]. Therefore, mPAP ≥ 50 mmHg is regarded as an absolute contraindication for LT (mPAP ≥ 45 mmHg in some centers)[8,9]. However, the safety of LT can be greatly increased by reducing PoPH to a mild level by the administration of preoperative medication.

This study describes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient in our center with severe PoPH who underwent successful LT followed by a decrease in PAP without the need for long-term drug treatment.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 39-year-old woman consulted our center with the complaints of intermittent abdominal pain for 7 years and exertional dyspnea with fatigue for 1 wk.

History of present illness

Seven years previously, she experienced intermittent abdominal pain. After visiting local hospitals, Caroli disease was diagnosed, but the disease has not been treated up to now. Approximately 1 wk before presenting at our center, she had gradually developed exertional dyspnea and limb weakness.

History of past illness

The patient had no other significant medical history. History of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and other chronic disease was denied.

Personal and family history

The patient had no significant personal and family history.

Physical examination upon admission

Physical examination showed liver disease face with mild jaundice, poor nutrition, abdominal swelling and hepatosplenomegaly. She had mild tenderness in the right upper abdomen.

Laboratory examinations

Laboratory examinations on admission revealed a hemoglobin level of 85 g/L, platelet count of 25 × 10⁹/L, white blood cell count of 4.83 × 10⁹/L and showed alanine aminotransferase 17 U/L, albumin 18.8 g/L, total bilirubin 135.80 µmol/L with direct bilirubin 78.75 µmol/L and creatinine 67.2 µmol/L. Her prothrombin time was 16.50 s, and the international normalized ratio was 1.43. Combined with imaging examination, her Child-Pugh score was C.

Imaging examinations

Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension with collateral circulation, splenomegaly, esophageal and gastric varices and ascites. Transthoracic echocardiography showed an estimated PAP of 132.94 mmHg.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Right heart catheterization (RHC) was further performed, and the measurements showed mPAP was 50 mmHg, PAWP was 20 mmHg and PVR was 460 dyn∙s/cm5. Portal pulmonary hypertension was suspected in this patient although her PAWP did not meet the diagnostic criteria. The patient had no previous history of heart disease or pulmonary disease. Her PAWP of 20 mmHg may have been due to poor liver function and fluid overload. Considering the high risk associated with LT, the patient was treated with Remodulin 0.825 ng/kg/min by subcutaneous infusion pump, which was increased by 0.4125 ng/kg/min every 2 d. In addition, diuretics were simultaneously added to reduce volume load. Two months later, RHC showed mPAP of 46 mmHg, PAWP of 9 mmHg and PVR of 470 dyn∙s/cm⁵. The patient was diagnosed with severe PoPH.

TREATMENT

Remodulin was adjusted to 8.25 ng/kg/min, and tadalafil 30 mg/d was added. Three months after dose adjustment, RHC showed that mPAP had decreased to 37 mmHg, PAWP to 21 mmHg and PVR to 175 dyn∙s/cm⁵. PoPH was moderate, and she was placed on the transplant list because of her good response to drug therapy. The patient underwent LT 6 mo after treatment. Subcutaneous infusion of Remodulin was continued during surgery. The patient was stable in the beginning of surgery, but her PAP rose sharply exceeding the systemic circulation systolic pressure 5 min after the portal vein was opened. An emergency intravenous drip of Remodulin 15 ng/kg/min was administered and gradually increased to 22.5 ng/kg/min. This was combined with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of Remodulin, and the maximum dose was 39 ng/kg/min. The PAP decreased gradually, and systemic circulation pressure returned to normal (Figure 1). The operation was successfully completed.

Figure 1 Intraoperative pressure changes and drug administration. sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure; sBP: Systolic blood pressure; mPAP: Mean pulmonary artery pressure; PV: Portal vein; IVC: Inferior vena cava.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Tadalafil was discontinued immediately after surgery and Remodulin was continued. Echocardiography was performed once every 1 mo or 2 mo to guide drug dose reduction to approximately 2 ng/kg/min/mo. The patient had good compliance, good drug tolerance and no serious side effects. One year after surgery, she completely discontinued medication and her systolic PAP fluctuated below 40 mmHg, which was near normal.

DISCUSSION

There are many reports on patients with PoPH treated by pharmacotherapy until LT can be performed. But few studies have focused on severe PoPH, and few patients with severe PoPH can totally discontinue medication[10-12]. We describe a patient with severe PoPH who successfully underwent LT and recovered well. The trend in perioperative pulmonary artery pressure changes and drug administrations are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Perioperative managements and pulmonary pressure changes.

	Before operation			After operation
	6 mo	4 mo	1 mo	1 mo	3 mo	6 mo	12 mo	14 mo
Remodulin1 (ng/kg/min)	0.8	8.3	16.5	14.4	8.3	6.2	2.0 Withdraw	None
Combined drugs	Furosemide 20 mg qd; Spironolactone 20 mg bid	Tadalafil 30 mg qd	Tadalafil 30 mg qd	None	None	None	None	None
sPAP (mmHg)	81.0 (133 by echocardiography)	79.0	65.0	41.1	37.1	44.5	39.2	37.4
mPAP (mmHg)	50	46	37	Unavailable2
PAWP (mmHg)	20	9	21
PVR (dyn∙s/cm5)	460	470	175

¹Before operation, the dose of Remodulin increased by 0.4125 ng/kg/min every 2 d if there are no unbearable side effects and reduced by 2 ng/kg/min per month after operation if pulmonary artery pressure is decreasing gradually.

²Because right heart catheterization is an invasive procedure, we usually use transthoracic echocardiography to assess pulmonary artery pressure changes after transplantation. Therefore, the mPAP, PAWP and PVR were unavailable. sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure; mPAP: Mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP: Pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PVR: Pulmonary vascular resistance.

Due to the high incidence of PoPH in patients on the LT waiting list and the high perioperative mortality rate, it is necessary to preliminarily evaluate PAP using echocardiography before LT. When pulmonary hypertension is suspected (systolic PAP > 50 mmHg or systolic PAP > 30 mmHg accompanied by symptoms of pulmonary hypertension), RHC should be carried out in a timely manner to confirm the diagnosis. When a patient is diagnosed with moderate to severe PoPH, pharmacotherapy should be initiated. Although prostacyclins, such as iloprost and treprostinil, have anti-platelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices, they are still considered first-line treatment due to their effectiveness. Oral endothelin receptor antagonists, such as bosentan and ambrisentan, with or without phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors, such as sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, have also been shown to be effective[13,14]. Sildenafil monotherapy was reported to be effective in PoPH, but often the treatment lasts longer than a year[15]. That may increase mortality during the LT waiting period. Combining two oral drugs may shorten the treatment time, but it is still more than half a year[16]. Combination with prostacyclins usually can get better results in a shorter time, especially for severe PoPH[17]. A multicenter study carried out in France showed that preoperative combination therapy can significantly reduce perioperative mortality, and whether to use combination therapy was the only independent risk factor affecting prognosis[18]. RHC should be performed regularly to monitor PAP, and mPAP < 35 mmHg could be the criterion for inclusion in the transplantation list[19,20].

Intraoperative monitoring of PAP and the use of targeted drugs to reduce surgical risks are necessary. Intravenous Remodulin can be administered when there is a sharp increase in PAP during surgery. Depressurization drugs should be continued after the operation, and the dose should be reduced gradually. Postoperative PAP can be monitored by non-invasive transthoracic echocardiography.

The long-term prognosis of PoPH is unpredictable. In a United Kingdom study involving 28 patients with PoPH, the 3-year survival rate of five patients with severe PoPH was zero even after LT[21]. Therefore, the indications for LT in patients with PoPH should still be their primary liver disease, while for patients with PoPH alone, especially those with severe PoPH alone, LT is not recommended at present.

CONCLUSION

When patients with severe PoPH require LT, the success of LT can be greatly improved by reducing mPAP using depressurization pharmacotherapy, and LT may cure PoPH fundamentally.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank En-Hui He, Rui-Fang Xu and Zhan-Xiong Yi who contributed to perioperative management and ultrasound monitoring in this patient.