Endodontic management of the maxillary first molars with two root canals: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The complex anatomy of the maxillary first molars has always been a major challenge for complete root canal treatment in endodontic therapy. Here, we present two cases of maxillary first molars, each with only two root canals, which have been rarely reported. We also perform a literature review of maxillary first molar anatomy.

CASE SUMMARY

The two patients were referred to the hospital after 1) finding a cavity in their tooth with a color change and, 2) a toothache during mastication, respectively. Both of these cases were diagnosed as apical periodontitis by X-ray imaging and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Non-surgical endodontic therapy was performed with the assistance of a dental operating microscope (DOM). CBCT showed rare but accurate images of both patients, each with two root canals and two roots in their maxillary first molars. Both roots were located in the buccal in the palatal direction, and each root had only one clear root canal. In addition, each maxillary first molar in both patients was symmetrical to that on the opposing side with only two separate root canals. Non-surgical endodontic therapy was performed with the assistance of a DOM. Finally, the teeth were restored using composite resin and the patients were satisfied with the results.

CONCLUSION

Making full use of CBCT and DOM would contribute to helping dentists make correct diagnoses and successfully treat teeth with rare root canal morphologies.

Key Words: Root canal anatomy, Maxillary first molar, Cone beam computed tomography, Dental operating microscope, Endodontic therapy, Case report

Core tip: We describe two rare cases of maxillary first molars with only two separate root canals. An additional impressive finding was that the left and right sides were symmetrical, which extend the range of knowledge on both roots and root canals in relation to permanent maxillary first molar anatomy. Advanced surgical facilities and diagnostic methods, such as cone beam computed tomography and dental operating microscopy, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of these endodontic diseases and facilitate a better understanding of complicated root canal treatment.

INTRODUCTION

In-depth knowledge of the internal anatomy of the root canal system is mandatory for successful endodontic therapy[1]. The anatomy and morphology of roots and root canals vary greatly. Among all of the permanent teeth, maxillary first molars have the highest rates of root canal therapy failure in clinical practice[2,3] because of associated complexities and anatomic variations[4,5]. The number of roots in maxillary first molars detected by endodontics and general dentists ranges from one to five, according to the literature[6-9]. The number of root canals has been reported to range between one to eight[7-9], and even a C-shaped root canal has been observed[6,10-13]. Over 95% of maxillary first molars have three roots[14] and most have three to four root canals[15]. However, attention should be paid to fewer roots and root canal variations to identify the root canal system in the case of clinical failure, such as perforations.

Contemporary root canal treatment requires accurate knowledge of root canal anatomy and highly specialized facilities and materials. Currently, advanced techniques including cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are widely used in endodontic treatment to provide three-dimensional images of the tooth. This has become an important tool both for diagnosis and planning dental treatment, including endodontic treatments[16,17,18], as well as in the assessment of anatomic findings such as isthmus and lateral canals, leading to more predictable and effective treatments[19]. A dental operating microscope (DOM) also increases the success rate of difficult treatment, as it provides a better operating field. The patients described in this report were diagnosed and treated with the assistance of CBCT and DOM, and both of them had maxillary first molars with a special root canal anatomy of two roots and two root canals, which has seldom been reported. These cases were intended to reinforce clinician awareness of the rare morphology of root canals.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

In case 1, the patient’s chief complaint was a cavity and color change in her maxillary molar on the left side for approximately 2 mo. In case 2, the patient’s chief complaint was a toothache during mastication in the maxillary right posterior region for more than 1 wk.

History of present illness

In case 1, the patient found a cavity in the maxillary molar on the left side that was accompanied with discoloration 2 mo prior. The tooth was insensitive to cold and heat, and had no spontaneous pain nor cold or heat stimulation pain. The patient sometimes felt uncomfortable when chewing. In case 2, the patient felt an obvious toothache during mastication in the maxillary right posterior region for more than 1 wk. The tooth was insensitive to cold and heat, had no spontaneous pain nor cold or heat stimulation pain, and was not loose. The tooth and its periodontal tissue had never before been swollen.

History of past illness

None in case 1. In case 2, the patient had undergone root canal treatment in the right posterior tooth several years prior. The patient had no tooth extraction or orthodontic history.

Physical examination upon admission

In case 1, clinical examination revealed a cavity due to deep caries in the left maxillary molar and an exposed pulp cavity without pain. The tooth was sensitive to percussion and the periodontal tissue was swollen, but the tooth was not loose. In case 2, clinical examination revealed a metal crown and pain on vertical percussion in tooth 16. A buccally periodontal pocket approximately 6 mm was detected in tooth 16, which suggested an unhealthy periodontal condition.

Imaging examinations

In case 1, a preoperative X-ray image showed obvious low density in the distal area of tooth decay. The CBCT images clearly showed that this maxillary first molar had only two roots and two root canals, and that the root canals were located in the buccal-palatal direction and were separated from one another within each root. In case 2, a preoperative intraoral periapical radiograph revealed a maxillary first molar with an unsatisfactory root canal filling, with two roots and an obvious low-density image around the periapical area, thus indicating severe inflammation. CBCT showed that both of the patient’s maxillary first molars had only two roots and root canals, buccal and palatal, as seen in case 1.

Case 1: A 63 year old woman was referred to the Endodontic Department of Stomatology Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. The patient’s chief complaint was a cavity and color change in her maxillary molar on the left side for approximately 2 mo. Her medical history was noncontributory and the patient denied any tooth extractions or orthodontic history. Clinical examination revealed a cavity due to deep caries in the left maxillary molar and exposed pulp cavity without pain. The tooth was sensitive to percussion and the periodontal tissue was swollen. The diagnosis was deep caries with apical periodontitis in tooth 26. Endodontic therapy was proposed and accepted. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.

A preoperative X-ray image was obtained before surgery (Figure 1A). It showed obvious low density in the distal area of tooth decay. Isolation of the tooth using a rubber dam was carried out during the entire procedure. The pulp chamber was localized, and the access opening was expanded from the palate distally to the center of the tooth after removal of the decay. When the access opening was completed, an anatomic variation was seen on the pulp chamber floor (Figure 1B and C). Under the DOM visual field, only one buccal canal orifice and one palatal canal orifice were detected. Further inspection of the pulpal floor revealed the absence of other canal orifices. The pulp tissue in the chamber and two root canals were extirpated, and the canals were flooded with 3% sodium hypochlorite (Beyond Technology Corp., Beijing, China). The cavity was temporarily sealed with zinc oxide. As the X-ray did not reveal the condition of the root canal system, the patient underwent CBCT to acquire the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the tooth.

Figure 1 Treatment process using a dental operating microscope and X-ray images (Case 1). A: Preoperative periapical radiograph of teeth indicates the existence of decay in the distal part of the tooth; B-C: Only one buccal canal orifice and palatal canal orifice can be detected under the visual field of the dental operating microscope; D: Radiograph of master cone; E: Post-obturation periapical radiograph; F: Two root canals are obturated by gutta-percha.

When the 3D images were obtained, longitudinal and cross-sections of 0.5 mm thickness were analyzed (Figure 2A-E). The CBCT images clearly showed the anatomical variation in the maxillary first molar of the patient with only two roots and two root canals. As seen from the 3D-reconstruction of the patient’s maxillary first molar, the root canals were located in the buccal-palatal direction and were separated from one another within each root (Figure 2F-H), which was in accordance with the DOM examination.

Figure 2 Analysis of anatomical structure using cone beam computed tomography (Case 1). A-B: Images of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) show decay in the distal part of the maxillary molar on the left side; C-E: CBCT images show clear anatomical conditions of the left and right maxillary first molars with only two roots and two root canals; F-H: 3D-reconstructions of the maxillary first molar shows root canals in the buccal-palatal direction that are in different roots.

When the canals had been confirmed, the working length was measured and confirmed by an electronic apex locator (Morita Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The root canals were shaped by Ni-Ti rotary instrumentation (M3, United Dental, Shanghai, China), irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (Beyond Technology Corp., Beijing, China) and 0.9% sodium chloride (China Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China), obturated by gutta-percha using the thermafil obturation technique step by step with the assistance of DOM, and then confirmed by X-ray imaging (Figure 1D-F). The tooth was finally restored using composite resin and the patient was satisfied with the results.

Case 2: A 45 year old female presented to the Endodontics Department of Stomatology Hospital of Tianjin Medical University with the complaint of a toothache during mastication in the maxillary right posterior region for more than 1 wk. Both second maxillary molars were missing and the patient denied tooth extraction or orthodontic history. However, she had undergone root canal treatment in the right posterior tooth several years previously. Clinical examination revealed a metal crown and pain on vertical percussion in tooth 16. A buccally periodontal pocket approximately 6 mm was detected in tooth 16, which suggested an unhealthy periodontal condition. The patient’s medical history was noncontributory. A preoperative intraoral periapical radiograph revealed a maxillary first molar with an unsatisfactory root canal filling, with two roots and an obvious low-density image around the periapical area that indicated severe inflammation (Figure 3A). From the clinical and radiographic findings, a diagnosis of apical periodontitis was made, and re-root canal treatment was planned and accepted. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. Access to the pulp cavity and root canal was achieved through the crown using the DOM. The former core and gutta-percha were removed, and only two separate root canals were detected (Figure 3B and C). In order to ensure the efficacy of treatment, CBCT was suggested to determine the number of root canals.

Figure 3 Treatment process using a dental operating microscope and X-ray images (Case 2). A: Radiograph shows incomplete obturation of two root canals and the existence of a periapical lesion; B-C: Only two separate root canals are detected under the visual field of the dental operating microscope; D: Radiograph of master cone; E: Post-obturation periapical radiograph.

Based on the direct images as well as those reconstructed from CBCT, it was surprising to find that both of the patient’s maxillary first molars only had two roots and root canals, buccal and palatal, as seen in case 1 (Figure 4A-E). The re-root canal treatment was completed and confirmed by CBCT and DOM as in patient 1. Her pain was relieved after the first treatment, as shown by the patient’s subjective sensation. The root canals were filled with gutta-percha (Figure 3D-E) and the tooth was finally restored using composite resin.

Figure 4 Analysis of anatomical structure using cone beam computed tomography (Case 2). A-B: Cone beam computed tomography images show only two root canals in two separate roots of both the left and right maxillary first molars; C-E: 3D-reconstructions of the maxillary first molar shows root canals located in the buccal-palatal direction that are in different roots, similar to Case 1.

It is significant that in both of these cases, the right maxillary first molars were symmetrical to the left maxillary first molars in their anatomical details. This has seldom been reported before and illustrates the condition of two root canals and two roots in both maxillary sides in these two patients.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Clinical examination revealed apical periodontitis in both patients.

TREATMENT

Non-surgical endodontic therapy was performed with the assistance of a DOM.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW UP

The teeth were both finally restored using composite resin. The inflammation was controlled and the patients’ discomfort disappeared. The patients were both satisfied with the results.

DISCUSSION

The most common anatomy in maxillary first molars is three roots (96.2%) and three to four root canals (98.32%)[14,20,21]. Hence, the reports of variation in maxillary first molars mainly focus on the morphology of MB2 and the detection of multiple canals, while the two-rooted form of the maxillary first molar is rarely reported. Several previous studies in vitro, such as clearing, sectioning, or radiographic examination with radiopaque gel infusion of canals, have shown that the incidence of maxillary first molar with only two roots varies from 0 to 6.3%[14,22-23]. To date, there is only one report in the literature of one single buccal root and one single palatal root, which should be emphasized to avoid treatment errors[24]. In the present report, the patients’ CBCT images showed that the two roots were isolated from one another. One was the buccal root and the other was the palatal root. The two root canals opened from the same chamber and had their own apex.

In our cases, the buccal root was more likely to be C-shaped, while the root canal was straight without morphological changes. When a tooth shows only one buccal root, it is possible that the tooth indeed has only one buccal root or that two buccal roots have fused into a stronger root[25]. This may be caused by non-fused or non-divided roots that were established during the root’s embryologic stages[26]. The Hertwig horizontal root sheath is supposed to retain the shape of the root. When the epithelium is inadequately developed, the inadequate Hertwig sheath may promote the C-shaped canals seen in our patients.

In maxillary first molars, fusion may be divided into three types: fusion of the distobuccal (DB) root with the palatal (P) root (Type A), fusion of the mesiobuccal (MB) root and the distobuccal root (Type B), and fusion of two palatal roots (Type C)[6]. We performed an extensive review of available reports about maxillary first molars with fewer root canals and C-shaped root canals (Table 1). As the table showed, the majority of fusion occurred between DB and P roots (Type A), and MB and DB roots (Type B), with a lower incidence of the fusion of two P roots, which is referred to as Type C.

Table 1 Available case reports of maxillary first molar with fewer root canals and C-shaped root canals.

Ref.	Country	Gender	Ethnicity	No. of canals	Features of the root canals	Type	Symmetry or not
Newton et al[13]	United States	Male	White	2	Fusion between P and DB canals, and a single MB canal	Type A	N/A
Dankner et al[27]	Israel	Female	White	3	Fusion between P and DB canals, and a single MP canal	Type A	Yes
Fava et al[8]	Brazil	Female	N/A	3	Fusion between MB and DB, but with 2 root canal apexes, and a single C-shaped P canal	Type B	N/A
De Moor et al[33]	Belgium	Female	White	3	Fusion between P and DB canals, and single MB, MP canals	Type A	N/A
De Moor et al[33]	Belgium	Male	White	2	Fusion between P and DB canals, and a single MB canal	Type A	No
Gopikrishna et al[7]	India		N/A	1	A single root with 1 root canal	/	N/A
Yilmaz et al[28]	Turkey	Female	White	2	Fusion between MB and DB canals, but with 3 foramina, and a single P canal	Type B	N/A
Ma et al[24]	China	Female	Yellow	2	Fusion between MB and DB canals, and a single P canal	Type B	Yes
Kottoor et al[11]	India	Male	N/A	4	Fusion between 2 P canals, and single MB, DB canals	Type C	No
Martins et al[6]	Portugal	Male	White	2	Fusion between P and DB canals, and a single MB canal	Type A	Yes
Martins et al[6]	Portugal	Female	White	2	Fusion between MB and DB canals, and a single P canal	Type B	N/A
Shin et al[29]	Korea	Male	Yellow	1	All the roots fuse together into one O-shaped root, but 5–6 root canals with connecting fins at the apical 3mm	O-shaped	Yes
Joshi et al[30]	India	female	N/A	1	A single fused root with a single canal	/	Yes
Paksefat et al[31]	Iran	female	N/A	3	Fusion between MB and DB canals, and single separate P and MB2 canals	Type B	No
Present study (case 1)	China	Female	Yellow	2	Fusion between MB and DB canals, and a single P canal	Type B	Yes
Present study (case 2)	China	Female	Yellow	2	Fusion between MB and DB canals, and a single P canal	Type B	Yes

DB: Distobuccal; MB: Mesiobuccal; N/A: Not available; P: Palatal.

In this study, according to the location of the root canals, fusion may have occurred between the MB and DB roots (Type B). The cases reported here may be the special condition of the C-shaped maxillary. Some studies have shown that C-shaped roots occur differently due to ethnic variation. In the white population, the incidence of C-shaped roots is reported to be 2.7%-7.6%[26], while the incidence in the Chinese population may be as high as 31.5%[32], which is very common and widely accepted in mandibular second molars. However, in maxillary first molars, it is still very rare to see a C-shaped root and root canal (approximately 0.12%)[2,33]. In the Chinese population with a high risk of C-shaped roots, it was reported that only 0.3% of extracted maxillary first molars had C-shaped roots[34]. In Europeans, the incidence is only 0.09%[33].

Plotino has reported that the percentage of symmetry in root and canal anatomy between left and right sides varied from 70%-81%[35]. Therefore, it was also interesting to find that the morphology of each maxillary first molar was symmetrical to that of the opposite side in our two cases. This symmetry is rare in the literature. In most patients, it is meaningful to check the tooth on the opposite side, which may have an essential guiding value for treatment of the opposite tooth.

It is extremely important that clinicians use all of the armamentarium at their disposal to locate and treat the entire root canal system[36]. The routine use of preoperative CBCT imaging with small fields of view could be recommended for both initial endodontic treatment and nonsurgical retreatment of maxillary molars[37]. On the other hand, DOM usage in daily clinical practice could also potentiate and facilitate the localization and handling of additional canals as a result of lighter and significantly higher magnification of the field of view[38,39]. Therefore, clinicians should be more aware of the morphological variations in permanent teeth to complete satisfactory root canal treatment with the help of techniques such as CBCT and DOM.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the permanent maxillary first molars with two root canals and two roots are rare and unusual clinical cases. In our patients with this rare condition, the left and right sides were symmetrical. Attention should be paid to patients with fewer root canals and root anatomical variations to overcome the fixed idea regarding the morphology of molars. Advanced surgical facilities and diagnostic methods such as DOM and CBCT can assist in diagnosis and modern root canal treatment.