Incident hepatocellular carcinoma developing during tenofovir alafenamide treatment as a rescue therapy for multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus infection: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a potent nucleotide analogue with high barrier to resistance, which is recommended for multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, nephrotoxicity has been reported during TDF treatment, and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), which has comparable efficacy to TDF and improves bone and renal safety, can be used as a replacement strategy. Herein, we describe a clinical case concerning a 60-year-old individual suffering liver cirrhosis and renal dysfunction, and being infected with multidrug-resistant HBV. When failing treatment with TDF, he received TAF as a rescue therapy. TAF effectively inhibited HBV replication without worsening renal function or serum phosphorus abnormality. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurred during TAF treatment despite controlling the viral load. The risk of HCC could not be eliminated and should be monitored during TAF treatment.

Key Words: Tenofovir alafenamide, Disoproxil fumarate, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatitis B virus, Mutation

Core tip: Tenofovir alafenamide rescues multidrug resistance and renal dysfunction in an old patient but does not eliminate the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Despite controlling the viral load, risk of HCC exists and should be monitored in cirrhotic patients.

INTRODUCTION

The emergence of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) is increasing annually due to the widespread use of antiviral agents with less potency and low genetic barrier to resistance[1]. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a potent nucleotide analogue with high barrier to resistance, which is recommended for drug-resistant cases[2]. However, nephrotoxicity has been reported during TDF treatment[3], although it showed a favorable safety and tolerability profile in registration and real-life studies[4].

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), which is a prodrug of TDF, has been reported to have comparable efficacy to TDF and improve bone and renal safety in phase III randomized trials[5,6]. Recently, Grossi et al[7] reported the use of TAF as a rescue therapy in a cirrhotic patient with a history of Fanconi syndrome and multi-drug resistance. To our knowledge, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) monitoring is lacking in patients switching to TAF due to coexistence of multi-drug resistance and renal dysfunction.

CASE REPORT

A 60-year-old Chinese man was admitted to our department on October 27, 2009. He was diagnosed with HBeAg negative compensated liver cirrhosis, and lamivudine (LAM) was administered based on the positive viral load (5.68 log₁₀IU/mL, Cobas TaqMan Test, Roche Diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland). Moreover, he had a concomitant comorbidity of arterial hypertension for two years, and took valsartan capsules (80 mg, Novartis Pharma, Beijing, China) every day. Ultrasonic tests showed liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly at admission. Considering that laboratory tests showed normal aspartate aminotransferase (AST, < 40 U/L), total bilirubin (< 17.1 µmol/L) and albumin (> 35 g/L) at admission, we concentrated the parameters of kidney function and levels of HBV DNA. Three months later, HBV DNA was undetectable (lower limit of detection, 20 IU/mL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level returned to normal.

In November 2011, the HBV DNA level increased to 3.28 log₁₀IU/mL, and ALT increased to 117 U/L. Then, the genotypic resistance test was performed, and rtL180M, rtM204V and rtT184A mutations were identified. Based on these results, adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) was added as a rescue therapy according to the Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (2010 version).

On June 2, 2015, biochemical tests showed that the patient’s serum creatinine increased to 179.8 µmol/L, while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) declined to 35.71 mL/min/1.73 m². In addition, the serum phosphorus was lower (0.67 mmol/L). Then, the patient was treated with telbivudine (LdT) and ADV, instead of LAM and ADV, due to the superior nephro-protective effect of LdT. Interestingly, the serum creatinine gradually decreased (from 179.8 µmol/L to 94 µmol/L), whereas the eGFR significantly increased (from 35.71 mL/min/1.73 m² to 74.72 mL/min/1.73 m²) in the subsequent 12 mo. The serum phosphorus remained normal until the end of the follow-up.

In May 2016, the patient suffered from obvious muscle soreness, and a biochemical test showed that the creatine kinase was 928 U/L, after which LdT and ADV were immediately withdrawn. Given that the patient had a history of LAM resistance, and LAM had overlapping resistance profiles with entecavir (ETV)[8], the patient was at high risk of developing resistance to ETV in subsequent treatment. Thus, TDF, rather than ETV, was chosen to replace LdT and ADV.

Despite good compliance to TDF treatment, the HBV DNA peaked to 2.47 log₁₀IU/mL and ALT increased to 62 U/L in November 2017 (18 mo after initiation of TDF). The genotypic resistance profile could not be tested due to the low viral load. Moreover, the serum creatinine gradually increased and the eGFR declined to < 50 mL/min/1.73 m² during TDF treatment. Given the renal insufficiency and lack of full viral suppression under TDF, TAF was bought from Japan and started at 25 mg per day with the consent of the patient and approval of the Ethics Committee of our hospital.

Since patients with liver cirrhosis are at risk of HCC, surveillance for HCC continued during the eight-year follow-up of our patient. Unexpectedly, HCC developed in April 2018 (5 mo after the initiation of TAF), and an operation was performed in the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital. A follow-up at six months after the initiation of TAF showed that eGFR was maintained above 35 mL/min/1.73 m², and that HBV DNA remained undetectable. As shown in Figure 1, the renal function did not worsen and serum phosphorus abnormality was not observed until the last follow-up visit on May 16, 2018, and TAF was continued.

Figure 1 Dynamic changes in biochemical parameters and hepatitis B virus DNA levels. LAM: Lamivudine; ADV: Adefovir dipivoxil; LDT: Telbivudine; TAF: Tenofovir alafenamide; TDF: Disoproxil fumarate; Cr: Creatinine; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; CK: Creatine kinase.

DISCUSSION

In the present report, the patient was switched from TDF to TAF as a rescue strategy due to coexistence of renal dysfunction and multi-drug resistance. TAF effectively inhibited HBV replication, without worsening renal function or serum phosphorus abnormality. Furthermore, HCC occurred during TAF treatment despite controlling the viral load.

In case of resistance, a more potent antiviral drug that does not share cross-resistance should be started after ascertaining compliance to antiviral treatment. TDF monotherapy or combination of TDF and ETV was found to be effective and safe as a rescue therapy in several clinical trials[2,9]. However, TDF was associated with a higher risk of renal dysfunction as compared to ETV[10,7]. The nephrotoxicity of TDF remains a concern, especially in elderly patients or those with a history of exposure to ADV[7]. Due to a lack of reliable biomarkers for evaluating the kidney function, eGFR is the most widely used parameter in clinical practice.

As TAF is safer than TDF in terms of nephrotoxicity and hypophosphatemia, antiviral drug resistance in patients with renal dysfunction appears to be manageable, but clinical studies are ongoing[7]. The present study implies that TAF could be used in place of TDF in older patients with renal insufficiency, for which a prospective study is needed in clinical practice. Consistent with Grossi et al[7], no significant improvement in eGFR was observed during TAF treatment. It is suspected that older age and arterial hypertension may also contribute to renal insufficiency, which is difficult to rescue in a short duration.

It is true that successful antiviral therapy is beneficial in preventing cirrhosis progression and HCC development. The pathogenesis of HCC is thought to be multifactorial, and liver cirrhosis is an important risk factor for HCC. Even though a potent nucleoside analogue (NA) can maintain HBV suppression, it reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HCC development. Our patient developed HCC during TAF treatment, this emphasizes the findings of Grossi et al[7] that the risk of HCC could not be eliminated despite HBV suppression. This is the first case report of HCC, which suggests that surveillance for HCC should be continued during TAF treatment, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis.

We could not assess the long-term safety of TAF in our patient with HCC, due to the relatively short duration of TAF therapy in this case. Another limitation is that testing of some relevant parameters, such as urine phosphorus and bone mineral density, are unavailable at our hospital.

In summary, HBV replication was suppressed and the renal function did not worsen during TAF treatment. Despite controlling the viral load, risk of HCC exists and should be monitored in cirrhotic patients.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Case characteristics

A 60-year-old individual suffered liver cirrhosis and renal dysfunction, and was infected with multidrug-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) before tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) treatment.

Clinical diagnosis

He was diagnosed with HBeAg negative compensated liver cirrhosis at admission.

Differential diagnosis

The differential diagnosis included alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Laboratory diagnosis

Laboratory tests showed that HBV DNA peaked to 2.47 log₁₀IU/mL and the estimated glomerular filtration rate declined to < 50 mL/min/1.73 m² before TAF treatment.

Imaging diagnosis

Ultrasonic tests showed liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly at admission.

Pathological diagnosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed according to liver pathology during follow-up.

Treatment

Given the renal insufficiency and lack of full viral suppression under tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TAF was started at 25 mg per day.

Related reports

Grossi et al[7] reported the use of TAF as a rescue therapy in a cirrhotic patient with a history of Fanconi syndrome and multi-drug resistance, while in our case, the patient received TAF treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurred during follow-up.

Term explanation

The pathogenesis of HCC is thought to be multifactorial, and liver cirrhosis is an important risk factor for HCC. Even though a potent NA can maintain HBV suppression, it reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HCC development.

Experiences and lessons

The surveillance for HCC should be continued during TAF treatment.