Successful treatment of a rare subcutaneous emphysema after a blow-out fracture surgery using needle aspiration: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Many cases of emphysema associated with blow-out fractures occur before surgery due to trauma. However, emphysema can occur even after surgery, and most of such cases are managed conservatively and allowed to resolve. Swelling in the periorbital area due to emphysema that occurs after surgery can make early recovery difficult.

CASE SUMMARY

Herein, we describe a case of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema that was treated using a simple needle aspiration method. A 48-year-old male patient visited the hospital with a blow-out fracture of the left medial orbital wall and nasal bone fracture. One day postoperatively, swelling and crepitus in the left periorbital area were observed, and follow-up computed tomography showed emphysema in the left periorbital subcutaneous area. Needle aspiration using an 18-gauge needle and syringe was used to relieve the emphysema. The symptoms of sudden swelling improved immediately, and no recurrence was observed.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that needle aspiration is a useful method that could help in relieving symptom, resolving discomfort, and enabling early return to daily life in patients with postoperative subcutaneous emphysema.

Key Words: Blow out fracture, Subcutaneous emphysemas, Mechanical aspiration, Case report

Core Tip: A cases of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema is relatively rare. Though orbital emphysema is usually self-limited, we report a case report of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema that treated with a simple method using immediate needle aspiration to relieve discomfort and enable recovery to daily life.

INTRODUCTION

The orbit is highly exposed to physical facial injuries because of its anatomical location and the lack of protective tissues. Isolated orbital fractures account for in 4%-16% of all facial fractures, and orbital fracture combined with any other type of fracture occurs in 30%-55% of zygomatic complex fractures and naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures[1,2].

Orbital emphysema, which is the abnormal presence of air within the orbit, is a typical finding in blow-out fractures owing to its communication with the paranasal sinus[3]. In the setting of trauma, the presence of orbital emphysema significantly increases the likelihood of an orbital fracture, with up to 75% of patients having medial orbital wall fractures with some degree of orbital emphysema[4]. Orbital emphysema can also occur after surgery as a complication that causes postoperative discomfort and delays recovery to daily life. In previous literature, case reports and treatment of preoperative emphysema have been reported; however, there is a tendency to rely on conservative treatment for subcutaneous emphysema that occur postoperatively because the symptoms in such cases are often not severe. However, this may be time-consuming and cause discomfort to the patient until spontaneous resolution is achieved.

Herein, we describe a case of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema that was treated with a simple method using immediate needle aspiration to relieve discomfort and enable recovery to daily life.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 48-year-old male patient visited the hospital after experiencing direct trauma to the nose and periorbital area 9 d prior.

History of present illness

He had mild swelling and tenderness in nose and periorbital area due to the direct trauma. The day after hospitalization, orbital wall reconstruction using a bioresorbable polycaprolactone mesh implant (Osteomesh, Osteopore International, Singapore) and closed reduction of the nasal bone were performed. One day after the operation, the patient complained of difficulty in opening his left eye, and severe swelling in the left periorbital area was observed.

History of past illness

He had no remarkable medical history or chronic illness.

Personal and family history

There was no significant personal or family history.

Physical examination

At the time of admission, periorbital swelling was not significant (Figure 1). Extraocular movement was normal, and the patient did not complain of other visual symptoms including blurred vision or diplopia. One day after the operation, crepitus was observed during skin palpations.

Figure 1 A facial photograph taken at the moment of admission. The swelling around the periorbital area was not significant.

Laboratory examinations

The blood results were within normal limit; a white blood cell count of 7.2 × 10³/mL; a red blood cell count of 4.3 × 10⁶/mL; a platelet count of 192 × 10³/mL; a hemoglobin count of 12.9 g/dL; a blood urea nitrogen value of 11 mg/dL; serum creatinine value of 0.63 mg/dL; potassium, 3.3 mmol/L; sodium, 141 mmol/L; albumin, 35 g/L; total bilirubin of 3 µmol/L; alanine aminotransferase, 17 IU/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 15 IU/L; and alkaline phosphatase, 65 IU/L.

Imaging examinations

The size of the blow-out fracture was 25 mm × 20 mm accompanied by a nasal bone fracture on computed tomography that was performed after visiting the hospital.

Further diagnostic work-up

Postoperatively, follow-up computed tomography was done and revealed emphysema in the form of scattered air bubbles in the left periorbital subcutaneous area (Figure 2).

Figure 2 A Follow up computed tomography scan 2 d postoperatively. The emphysema is seen in the form of scattered air bubbles in the left periorbital subcutaneous area (yellow arrow), indicating the “black eyebrow sign’. A: Sagittal view; B: Coronal view; C: Axial view.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed as postoperative subcutaneous emphysema.

TREATMENT

Negative pressure was applied using the needle and syringe pull-back method at three points above the eyelid crease with an 18-gauge needle, and approximately 2 mL of air was removed at each point (Figure 3). The symptoms of sudden swelling immediately improved (Figure 4). Simple foam dressing and mild compression after aspiration were performed.

Figure 3 A schematic drawing of needle injection point (black circles). Above the upper eyelid, the needle was inserted at points where air was most palpable and negative pressure was applied using the pull-back method.

Figure 4 A facial photograph taken after the procedure. A: One day postoperatively, swelling in the left periorbital area was observed; B: The swelling improved immediately after needle aspiration decompression.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

No symptoms, such as bleeding or hematoma, were observed in the upper eyelid. On the fourth day postoperatively, there was no recurrence of swelling, the patient was discharged, and could immediately returned to his daily activities (Figure 5). During outpatient follow-up, recurrence of emphysema was not observed.

Figure 5 A facial photograph 4 d postoperatively. No recurrence of swelling was observed.

DISCUSSION

Orbital emphysema is commonly observed in orbital fractures[5]. A large retrospective study spanning 10 years concluded that clinically apparent orbital emphysema had a specificity of 99.6% and a positive predictive value of 98.4% for orbital fracture[6]. In cases of orbital emphysema related to orbital fractures, there is often a history of post-traumatic sneezing, coughing or nose blowing precipitating orbital emphysema[7-11]. An acute incident resulting in increased intranasal pressure, such as sneezing or nose blowing, usually promote the episode[12].

The clinical presentation of orbital emphysema varies, depending on its severity. Patients often experience tenderness, pain or pressure sensation and may complain of changes in visual acuity or field. Signs of orbital emphysema include periorbital subcutaneous crepitus, proptosis, decreased vision, relative afferent pupillary defect, and subconjunctival emphysema[5]. Given the tendency of air to localize superiorly, a crescent-shaped area of radiolucency in the superior aspect of the orbit demonstrated on a radiograph termed the “black eyebrow sign” is highly suggestive of orbital emphysema[13,14].

Most cases of orbital emphysema are self-limited and typically resolve within 7-10 d[15-18]. Moon et al[7] reviewed 348 orbits with isolated medial wall fractures and concluded that the majority of these patients recovered spontaneously without the need for surgical intervention. Patients who underwent needle aspiration and decompression tended to have a moderately decreased visual acuity. Those who underwent orbital decompression were more likely to have additional signs of optic nerve compression, indicated by the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect and more severe impairment in visual acuity[10,19].

In our case, a sudden increase in swelling was observed, and follow-up computed tomography revealed a black eyebrow sign. As shown in the literature, orbital emphysema is often caused by trauma or soft tissue injury. However, in this case, it occurred postoperatively after reconstruction of the orbital blow-out fracture, and it is different from reports in the literature of cases, as this case was caused by an increase in intranasal pressure during sneezing. The patient experienced spontaneous sneezing, which prompted him to blow his nose the night prior to the onset of symptoms. The patient also had a nasal bone fracture, suggesting that an increase in intranasal pressure caused air to enter the surrounding subcutaneous tissue. In this case, the method of needle aspiration was used. Although it is highly likely that the emphysema would have resolved gradually, this method allowed immediate and dramatic resolution, enabling quick recovery to daily life. In addition, it has the advantage of being more comfortable and less burdensome to the patient than removal through surgical intervention.

The limitation of the method used in this case is that it was not possible to target the exact air collection area, and the procedure was performed based on palpation. In addition, resolution of emphysema after the procedure was not confirmed by follow-up imaging. As a point for improvement, we suggest that if additional diagnostic devices, such as handheld sonography are used during the procedure, needle aspiration would be a useful treatment option for orbital emphysema. Moreover, because our study represents only a single case, further investigations are required to validate our method as a viable treatment option for postoperative subcutaneous emphysema.

CONCLUSION

Orbital emphysema is a rare complication that can occur after blow-out surgery. Although orbital emphysema is often self-limiting, needle aspiration is a useful treatment method that could relieve symptoms, resolve discomfort, and enable early return to daily life in patients with postoperative subcutaneous emphysema.