Tumor recurrence after pathological complete response in locally advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant therapy: Two case reports

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The pathological complete response (ypCR) rate following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer remains low and lacks a universally accepted treatment protocol. Immunotherapy has achieved breakthrough progress.

CASE SUMMARY

We report two female patients with gastric cancer defined as clinical stage cT4N1-2M0. Detection of mismatch repair protein showed mismatch repair function defect, and perioperative treatment with programmed death protein 1 inhibitor combined with S-1+oxaliplatin achieved ypCR. Surprisingly, the patients underwent clinical observation after surgery but developed different degrees of metastasis at ~6 mo after surgery.

CONCLUSION

PD-1 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy provides a more strategic choice for comprehensive perioperative treatment of gastric cancer.

Key Words: Programmed death protein 1, SOX, Pathological complete response, Microsatellite Instability High, Mismatch repair function defect, Case report

Core tip: The enhanced antitumor effect of synergistic chemotherapy and immunotherapy has achieved commendable remission rates and survival benefit. We reported two patients who achieved pathological complete remission (ypCR) with perioperative treatment with programmed death protein 1 inhibitor combined with S-1+oxaliplatin. Surprisingly, the patients underwent clinical observation after surgery but developed different degrees of metastasis at ~6 mo after surgery. Achieving ypCR reflects an excellent short-term treatment response but does not necessarily predict long-term survival.

INTRODUCTION

We report two female patients with gastric cancer defined as clinical stage cT4N1-2M0. The detection of mismatch repair protein showed mismatch repair function defect (dMMR), and perioperative treatment with programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor combined with SOX (S-1+oxaliplatin) achieved pathological complete response (ypCR). It is controversial for ypCR patients to continue comprehensive chemotherapy or clinical observation after surgery. Surprisingly, both our patients underwent clinical observation after surgery but developed different degrees of metastasis at ~6 mo after surgery. This unexpected outcome prompted a review of the comprehensive perioperative treatment for these two patients in an effort to provide valuable insights for clinical decision-making.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Case 1: The patient was an 81-year-old woman with upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, belching, and acid reflux for 3 mo.

Case 2: A 69-year-old female patient presented with cryptic pain in the upper abdomen and loss of appetite for 5 mo.

History of present illness

Case 1: The patient complained of upper abdominal pain without obvious inducement 3 mo previously, accompanied by loss of appetite, belching, and gastric acid reflux. Before 1 mo, the above symptoms were aggravated, and eating difficulties and nausea occurred. Since the onset of the disease, her weight has dropped by 2 kg.

Case 2: The patient had upper abdominal pain for > 5 mo, and vomiting occurred intermittently after eating. Since the onset of the disease, her body weight decreased by 4.5 kg.

History of past illness

Case 1: The patient had a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes, and the oral medication was well-controlled.

Case 2: Previous cholecystectomy due to gallstones.

Personal and family history

Case 1: The patient had no relevant personal or family history.

Case 2: Drinking history of 40 years, no family history.

Physical examination

Case 1: Blood pressure 130/82 mmHg (normal range: 90–140/60–90 mmHg), pulse rate 72 beats/min (normal range: 60–90 beats/min), and respiratory rate 18 breaths/min (normal range: 16–20 breaths/min).

Case 2: Blood pressure 120/70 mmHg, pulse rate of 62 beats/min, and respiratory rate 17 breaths/min. Normal ranges as for Case 1.

Laboratory examinations

Case 1: Blood tests revealed abnormal results: Carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 378.0 U/mL (normal range: 0–39.0 U/mL); CA72-4 220 U/mL (normal range: 0–8.20 U/mL); carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 478.0 ng/mL (normal range: 0–5.0 ng/mL); and hemoglobin 111 g/L (normal range: 115–150 g/L).

Case 2: Blood tests revealed abnormal results: CA19-9 285.0 U/mL; CA72-4 61.5 U/mL; CEA 5.48 ng/mL; and hemoglobin 80 g/L. Normal ranges as for Case 1.

Imaging examinations

Case 1: Computed tomography (CT) was performed on the abdomen, showing gastric wall thickening in the lesser curvature of the antrum, gastric cavity stenosis with increased density of perigastric fat space, and multiple enlarged lymph nodes (Figure 1A-C). Gastroscopy showed an ulcerative mass in the antrum, and pathology showed adenocarcinoma (Figures 1D and 2A). Detection of MMR protein showed dMMR (Figure 3).

Figure 1 Computed tomography and gastroscopy images before and after treatment. A–C: Computed tomography (CT) images of primary lesions before immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; E–G: CT image of the primary lesion significantly reduced after immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; D: Gastroscopy image before immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; H: After immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, the antral mass was significantly reduced by gastroscopy.

Figure 2 Pathological section. A: Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tumor specimens before surgery; B: Postoperative pathology showed no residual tumor cells, and a complete pathological response was achieved; C: Needle biopsy of liver metastases revealed adenocarcinoma. A–C: Scale bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 200×.

Figure 3 Detection of mismatch repair protein. A: MLH1 was detected by immunohistochemistry; B: MSH2 was detected by immunohistochemistry; C: MSH6 was detected by immunohistochemistry; D: PMS2 was detected by immunohistochemistry. A–D: Scale bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 200×.

Case 2: Gastroscopy showed masses in the antrum and gastric horn, and pathology showed heterospecific cells and signet-ring cells. CT of the abdomen showed local irregular thickening of the gastric wall in the antrum and gastric horn with clumped soft tissue shadows and enlargement of multiple lymph nodes around the stomach (Figures 4A-D and 5A). MMR protein detection showed dMMR (Figure 6).

Figure 4 Computed tomography and gastroscopy images before and after treatment. A–C: Computed tomography (CT) images of primary lesions before immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; E–G: CT image of the primary lesion significantly reduced after immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; D: Gastroscopy image before immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy; H: After immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, the antral mass was significantly reduced by gastroscopy.

Figure 5 Pathological section. A: Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tumor specimens before surgery; B: Postoperative pathology showed no residual tumor cells, and a complete pathological response was achieved; C: Examination of ascites can find heterotypic cells and consider malignancy. A–C: Scale bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 200×.

Figure 6 Detection of mismatch repair protein. A: MLH1 was detected by immunohistochemistry; B: MSH2 was detected by immunohistochemistry; C: MSH6 was detected by immunohistochemistry; D: PMS2 was detected by immunohistochemistry. A–D: Scale bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 200×.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Case 1: According to the Eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, clinical stage cT4N2M0 gastric adenocarcinoma.

Case 2: Clinical stage cT4N1M0 gastric adenocarcinoma, according to the above classification.

TREATMENT

Case 1

This patient benefited from immunosuppressive therapy. From March to May 2021, the patient, without chemotherapy contraindication, received three cycles of SOX chemotherapy (intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m² on day 1, S-1 80 mg/m² after breakfast and dinner twice daily on days 1–14), plus the PD-1 inhibitor (camrelizumab) 200 mg intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on day 1, every 3 wk. The treatment was well tolerated, and no immune-related adverse effects were observed based on tests for hematotoxicity and multiorgan function. After three cycles of treatment, abdominal CT scan on June 2, 2021 showed a significant reduction in the antral mass and perigastric lymph nodes. The efficacy of therapy was defined as partial response (PR) (Figure 1E–H). Laparoscopic comprehensive exploration and peritoneal lavage showed no metastasis and negative tumor cytology. Finally, gastric cancer D2 surgery was performed (June 2021), and the patient recovered and was discharged smoothly.

Case 2

This patient benefited from immunosuppressive therapy. From March to April 2021, she received two cycles of SOX chemotherapy in addition to PD-1 inhibitor (camrelizumab) (200 mg IVGTT on day 1, every 3 wk). The treatment was well tolerated, and no immune-related adverse effects were observed based on tests for hematotoxicity and multiorgan function. After two cycles of treatment, the patient underwent abdominal CT on April 14, 2021, which showed a decrease in the antral mass and lymph nodes around the stomach. The efficacy of treatment was defined as PR (Figure 4E–H). Laparoscopic comprehensive exploration and peritoneal lavage showed no metastasis and negative tumor cytology. Finally, gastric cancer D2 surgery was performed (May 2021), and the patient recovered and was discharged smoothly.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Case 1

After the D2 operation for gastric cancer, postoperative pathological examination showed the pathological stage and ypCR of ypT0N0M0 (Figure 2B). Regular follow-up was required after postoperative communication with the patient. In December 2021, liver ultrasound examination showed that two lesions in the right anterior lobe of the liver were considered metastatic, with liver biopsy indicating adenocarcinoma (Figure 2C). Radiofrequency therapy for liver tumors was performed on January 5, 2022. Because the patient refused chemotherapy after the operation, she was followed up regularly and died on May 2, 2022. The entire diagnosis and treatment schedule of the patient is shown in Figure 7A.

Figure 7 Timeline of diagnosis and treatment. A: Case 1; B: Case 2.

Case 2

After the D2 operation for gastric cancer, postoperative pathological examination showed the pathological stage and ypCR of ypT0N0M0 (Figure 5B). Because the patient insisted on continuing postoperative treatment and could not tolerate therapy after one cycle with camrelizumab 200 mg IVGTT, she requested regular follow-up. In December 2021, the patient had apparent abdominal distension caused by ascities. Tumor cell examination showed dispersed nuclear heterogeneous cells in the ascites (Figure 5C). The patient was treated with a combination of PD-1 inhibitor and S-1 for two cycles because of intraperitoneal metastasis. Because a gastrointestinal reaction occurred again, the patient did not tolerate the treatment and was given regular follow-up observations as well as nutritional support. The last follow-up time was October 2022. The entire diagnosis and treatment schedule of the patient is shown in Figure 7B.

DISCUSSION

Gastric cancer constitutes a significant global health challenge, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the realm of gastrointestinal malignancies. As such, the standard treatment strategy for patients with a clinical assessment of T ≥3, or advanced gastric cancer accompanied by lymph node metastasis, entails neoadjuvant therapy, surgery, and postoperative adjuvant therapy. However, the ypCR rate following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer remains low and lacks a universally accepted treatment protocol[1]. Increasingly, therapeutic combinations involving checkpoint inhibitors and other antitumor agents are being proposed for various types of cancers[2-4]. Of note, recent research within the field of gastric cancer has demonstrated a growing focus on immunotherapy, with several studies underscoring the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-ligand 1 in patients with advanced gastric cancer[5-8]. Consequently, combining a PD-1 inhibitor with chemotherapy has demonstrated considerable benefits in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival, and tolerable safety profiles in comparison to chemotherapy alone[9]. Microsatellite instability high (MSI-H)/dMMR is a recognized marker for forecasting the effectiveness of immunotherapy in gastric cancer[10]. Additionally, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines for gastric cancer advocate the use of PD-1 inhibitors for MSI-H/dMMR gastric cancer, which demonstrates progression post-chemotherapy[11]. Literature reveals a ypCR rate of 6% to 20% for neoadjuvant chemotherapy[12-14]. However, studies focusing on the ypCR status after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in gastric cancer are sparse. The ongoing GERCOR NEONIPIGA II study is a promising development in this area and its forthcoming results are eagerly awaited[15]. Although there is little evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with ypCR after neoadjuvant therapy[16], a retrospective analysis involving 2676 patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma suggests that ypCR does not necessarily guarantee a cure. Surprisingly, ypCR patients had a high recurrence rate of 23%, including 36% developing brain metastases, compared to non-ypCR patients with a 4% incidence of brain metastases[17]. This raises questions about the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy and whether there is undiscovered biological information behind ypCR. Therefore, more studies are expected to compare the choices of treatment mode after ypCR.

CONCLUSION

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the augmented antitumor effect resulting from the synergistic action of chemotherapy and immunotherapy leads to a commendable remission rate and survival benefit. Nevertheless, the rational and efficient amalgamation of chemotherapy and immunotherapy still presents a myriad of challenges, such as identifying the patient cohort that would optimally benefit from immunotherapy. Achieving ypCR is an excellent short-term treatment response, but it does not necessarily predict long-term survival. The potential for a less favorable prognosis underpins the necessity for rigorous postoperative surveillance and a collaborative effort across multiple disciplines, including medicine, surgery, radiotherapy, pathology, and translational medicine. It is anticipated that advancements in translational medicine can yield a more profound understanding of molecular biological information, as well as provide a more nuanced interpretation of tumor behavior. This, in turn, could pave the way for tailored treatment strategies for such patients.