Multidisciplinary treatment of a patient with severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new class of antitumor drugs that have been approved to treat a variety of malignant tumors. However, the occurrence of immune related adverse events (irAEs) has become an important reason for terminating treatment. ICIs sometimes lead to diarrhea and colitis, with severe enterocolitis potentially causing the hemorrhage of the lower gastrointestinal tract and colonic perforation. ICI-associated colitis is primarily treated with glucorticosteroids and/or agents targeting tumor necrosis factor-α. Here, we describe a case of severe ICI-associated colitis due to anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) (durvalumab) treatment for small cell lung cancer with liver metastasis. The patient exhibited a poor response to rescuable therapy, and eventually received a laparoscopic subtotal colectomy and ileostomy. The data presented here will contribute to optimizing current treatment strategies for patients with severe ICI-associated colitis.

CASE SUMMARY

A 71-year-old man was admitted for a second course of anti-PD-L1 + IP (durvalumab + irinotecan + cisplatin) treatment to manage lung cancer with liver metastasis, diagnosed 1 mo previously. Four days after the second dose, the patient developed abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Due to the anti-PD-L1 medication history and colonoscopy findings of the patient, he was diagnosed with a colitis associated with ICI treatment. After treatment with sufficient glucocorticoids and two courses of infliximab, the patient developed severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding. After adequate assessment, the patient was treated by laparoscopic surgery, and was discharged in stable condition.

CONCLUSION

The early screening and hierarchical management of irAEs need the joint participation of a multidisciplinary team. For ICI-related colitis with ineffective medical treatment, timely surgical intervention could prevent the death of patients.

Key Words: Immune checkpoint inhibitor, Colitis, Programmed cell death ligand 1, Infliximab, Laparoscopic surgery, Case report

Core Tip: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) sometimes lead to diarrhea and colitis, which are routinely treated with immunosuppressive therapy. For ICI-related colitis with ineffective medical treatment, timely surgical intervention could prevent the death of patients.

INTRODUCTION

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new class of antitumor drugs that mainly target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) as well as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1). These drugs exert antitumor effects by blocking the binding of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 to corresponding receptors. This action enhances T-lymphocyte activity, activates the body’s immune recognition, and prevents the immune escape of tumor cells[1,2].

Several studies have reported a noticeable accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells with high cytotoxicity and proliferative states in ICI-induced colitis. Analysis of the T cell receptor sequence showed that a large part of colitis-related CD8⁺ T cells originates from tissue resident populations, explaining the frequent and early onset of colitis symptoms after the onset of treatment[3]. ICIs sometimes lead to diarrhea and colitis. Although most patients have only self-limiting diarrhea, without the presence of blood in feces and other associated enterocolitis symptoms, severe colitis directly causes death in < 1% of patients, due to poor responses to medical treatment[4].

However, data remain limited on adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with anti-PD-L1 agents. Here, we describe a patient with severe ICI-associated colitis who failed to respond to corticosteroids and infliximab (IFX). The patient eventually had to receive a laparoscopic colectomy and ileostomy, which prevented the death due to hemorrhagic shock or colon perforation.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

The patient, a 71-year-old man, was hospitalized for a second course of anti-PD-L1 + IP (durvalumab + irinotecan + cisplatin) treatment at the Department of Oncology of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, (Shanghai, China) to manage lung cancer with liver metastasis, which was diagnosed 1 mo previously.

History of present illness

The patient originally presented with a cough that had lasted 2 mo and middle abdominal pain. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which showed a high-density mass in the middle lobe of the right lung, and chronic inflammation in the lower lobe of both lungs. An upper abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was then performed, showing the presence of abnormal signal foci in the liver, with a high probability of metastases (Figure 1). A pathological examination of right lung lobe puncture specimen was consistent with the presence of a poorly differentiated carcinoma (small cell carcinoma).

Figure 1 Radiological findings of lung cancer with liver metastasis. A: A chest computed tomography scan was performed on December 11, 2022. A high-density mass was present in the middle lobe of the right lung, and there was chronic inflammation in the lower lobe of both lungs; B: An upper abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed on December 12, 2021. There were abnormal signal foci in the liver, with a high probability of metastases.

From January 10, 2022, the patient was treated with anti-PD-L1 + IP: Durvalumab (1500 mg, AstraZeneca) on day 1, together with irinotecan (115 mg, Pfizer) and cisplatin (50 mg, Teva Pharma) on days 1 and 8. No obvious adverse effects were recorded over the next 21 d. Therefore, the patient received the second dose on February 1, 2022. After 4 d of treatment, the patient presented mild diarrhea (3-4 times/d); however, there was no significant improvement in symptoms after taking antidiarrheal medication. The patient’s symptoms worsened, with dark-red bloody diarrhea (6-10 times/d) at a volume of about 50-100 mL each time, and moderate abdominal pain. The patient was transferred to the Department of Gastroenterology on February 6, 2022 for further therapy.

History of past illness

The patient had no notable medical history.

Personal and family history

The patient had no specific personal or family history.

Physical examination

The patient weighed 61 kg and had a body mass index of 18.81. The patient’s temperature was normal. He had rough tracheal sounds, and there were no obvious lung rale (bubbling, clicking, or rattling). His abdomen was soft and flat, with tenderness in the left lower part.

Laboratory examinations

The complete blood cell count revealed severe anemia with a hemoglobin concentration of 69 g/L, and a normal platelet count. The patient had a high C-reactive protein level of 45 mg/L, and a high white blood cell count (10.4 × 10⁹/L). The transaminases were slightly elevated (alanine aminotransferase, 62 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 59 U/L). Urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were normal. Blood electrolytes, prothrombin, and partial thromboplastin levels were normal. His electrocardiogram was also normal. Further investigation included evaluation for intestinal infectious diseases, such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. All results were negative based on blood serology. Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection was excluded by histocytotoxin testing.

Imaging examinations

Abdominal CT and mesenteric artery CT angiography (CTA) were performed to exclude colonic malignant tumor, colonic perforation, and ischemic enteritis. Gastroscopy showed the presence of chronic atrophic gastritis, while colonoscopy showed the presence of mucosal congestion, edema, and roughness, indistinct vascular texture, multiple diffuse superficial ulcers with a purulent discharge, and a white moss adhering to the surface below the transverse colon, 40 cm from the anus. Endoscopic examination diagnosed the presence of multiple ulcers in the colon (from the descending colon to the rectum) (Figure 2A and B). Colonoscopic pathology showed the presence of multiple sites containing an intestinal mucosa with localized purulent exudate and necrosis. These features indicated multifocal ulcer formation, surrounding mucosal erosion, marked interstitial hemorrhagic edema, crypt atrophy, and focal glandular epithelium with mild heterogeneous hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry showed that tissue samples were CMV (-) and EBER (-) (Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Colonoscopic findings and pathology. A and B: Colonoscopic findings of descending colon (A) and sigmoid colon (B). A colonoscopy was performed on February 6, 2022. There were mucosal congestion, edema, and roughness, indistinct vascular texture, multiple diffuse superficial ulcers with purulent discharge, and a white moss adhering to the surface below the descending colon, 40 cm from the anus. The endoscopic diagnosis was multiple ulcers in the colon (nature pending pathology); C: Colonoscopic pathology (H&E staining) of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Multiple sites of the intestinal mucosa had localized purulent exudate and necrosis suggesting multifocal ulcer formation, surrounding mucosal erosion, marked interstitial hemorrhagic edema, and crypt atrophy (× 100). Immunohistochemistry: CMV (-), EBER (-); D and E: Colonoscopic findings of sigmoid colon (D) and rectum (E). A colonoscopy was performed on February 15, 2022. There were mucosal congestion, edema, and roughness; multiple diffuse superficial ulcers with purulent discharge, and white moss adhering to the surface were seen below the sigmoid colon, 20 cm from the anus; F: Postoperative pathology, H&E staining revealed a chronic ulcer and intestinal abscess formation in the colon (× 100).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Due to the anti-PD-L1 medication history and colonoscopy findings of the patient, he was diagnosed with severe colitis associated with ICI treatment.

TREATMENT

We immediately discontinued immunotherapy and chemotherapy. The patient was treated with 120 mg methylprednisolone (once a day) for 3 d. Enteral nutrition, empiric antibiotic therapy, and oral probiotics were administered to the patient; however, his abdominal pain and hematochezia were not significantly relieved.

On February 9, 2022, the treatment was transitioned to intravenous IFX (5 mg/kg), and a reduced dose (60 mg) of intravenous methylprednisolone once a day for 4 d, before switching to oral delivery. During this period, the patient’s abdominal pain resolved, and there was significant improvement to the bloody diarrhea, which only occurred 2-3 times a day and at a reduced amount. Given the significant improvement in symptoms, the patient was discharged.

Approximately 1 wk later, on February 15, 2022, the patient presented again with abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea (5-10 times/d). At this time, the laboratory findings reflected the patient’s clinical degradation, including a hemoglobin concentration of 45 g/L and high C-reactive protein level of 191 mg/L. A whole abdomen CT scan showed colorectal edema of the intestinal wall. An emergency colonoscopy showed severe mucosal inflammation from the sigmoid colon to the rectum with active bleeding on multiple ulcers (Figure 2D and E). After treatment with blood transfusions and fluid resuscitation, the patient continued to have rectal bleeding. A second IFX (5 mg/kg) was administered to the patient. Unfortunately, the bloody diarrhea became more severe (> 20 times/d), resulting in hemorrhagic shock on February 16, 2022.

Considering that the patient had severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and had not responded to the immunosuppressive therapy, we decided to perform a laparoscopic colectomy and ileostomy to save his life, after adequate assessment and communication with the patient’s family. Postoperative pathologic evaluation revealed chronic ulcer and intestinal abscess formation in the colon (Figure 2F).

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient was placed on a fluid diet on the second postoperative day. He was discharged 10 d postoperatively, and continued treatment in the Department of General Surgery.

DISCUSSION

The colon is one of the most common target organs for irAEs, and patients may present with clinical manifestations associated with diarrhea and colitis. irAEs range from mild, self-limiting symptoms to severe, life-threatening diseases that limit the use of medication[4]. Overall, the proportion of gastrointestinal adverse events is higher with anti-CTLA-4 treatment (8%-54%) compared to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment (< 2%)[5-7]. A retrospective study in the Netherlands showed that patients had mainly moderate (39%) and severe (44%) ICI-related colitis, and that the pathological type was mainly extensive colon (68%). In comparison, severe enterocolitis may result in hemorrhage of the lower gastrointestinal tract, colonic perforation, and death[8]. Evaluation of the global adverse drug reaction database Vigilyze-Vigibase (http://www.vigiaccess.org/) for 31059 immune-related cases by Wang et al[9] showed that ICI irAE was fatal in 613 (1.97%) cases. Overall, fatality was recorded in 5% of patients with colitis. Therefore, timely diagnosis and intervention of ICI irAE could improve the treatment and prevent related mortality. Patients who are, or have been, treated with an ICI, especially within 5-10 wk, should be placed on high alert for irAEs if they develop diarrhea or colitis[10].

Because the clinical symptoms of ICI colitis are usually poorly correlated with endoscopic severity, radiological findings, and response to treatment, the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events are often used to classify ICI colitis as grades 1 (mild) to 5 (death)[11]. For patients with moderate to severe colitis or diarrhea, it is recommended that ICI be discontinued, and that 1-2 mg/kg/d intravenous glucocorticoids be applied for 3-5 d. Glucocorticoids are effective for approximately 60% of patients[12]. For patients who do not respond well to intravenous glucocorticoid therapy, 5 mg/kg IFX should be given as soon as possible. Furthermore, the patient should be carefully monitored for complications, such as lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage and intestinal perforation[13]. Vedolizumab or fecal microbiota transplantation should be considered as a potential substitute for IFX, due to encouraging clinical outcomes and safety profile. Thus, these are recommended as third-line options if IFX treatment fails[14,15]. Ustekinumab and tofacitinib also represent potentially effective treatments for refractory ICI colitis for individual cases, and could be used as alternatives to long-term glucocorticoid dependency when managing ICI-associated colitis[16,17].

The patient had an unresectable lung cancer with liver metastasis. Thus, we formulated a treatment plan of anti-PD-L1 + chemotherapy. In addition to durvalumab, our treatment included irinotecan and cisplatin. The side effects of cisplatin in the digestive tract are mainly nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, with relatively few symptoms of bloody diarrhea. The side effects of irinotecan include gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation, which is called chemotherapy-induced colitis. However, this situation mostly occurs under the chemotherapy regimen for colorectal cancer patients. In the FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimen, the combination of fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan increases the severity and incidence of gastrointestinal mucosal reaction[18]. This phenomenon might be associated with the destruction of the mucosal barrier by colorectal cancer. However, there are few reports of chemotherapy-induced colitis when irinotecan is used alone, or in combination with cisplatin to treat non-colorectal tumors[19]. In addition, most pathogenic bacteria that cause chemotherapy-induced colitis are associated with a C. diff infection[20]. In this patient, C. diff infection was excluded by histocytotoxin testing. Therefore, the case in the current study was considered to have ICI-induced colitis, with chemotherapy possibly causing the outcome to occur earlier.

The patient in our study failed to respond to immunosuppressive therapy and developed sever lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Consequently, laparoscopic colectomy and ileostomy were required. We chose these procedures based on the following two conditions. First, the patient was in hemorrhagic shock, and laparoscopic surgery provided the lowest surgical trauma. Resection of the diseased colon could terminate the lower gastrointestinal bleeding symptoms. Second, during the operation, the patient had distinct inflammation and edema in the sigmoid colon. After resection of the diseased intestinal segment, there were no obvious lesions in the mucosa of the proximal intestinal canal, including the descending colon and splenic flexure of the colon. Therefore, only partial resection of the sigmoid colon was performed to remove the lesion. Based on the reasons for the patient’s underlying disease, the rate of anastomotic fistula tends to be much higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared to the general population. Once anastomotic fistula occurs, acute peritonitis and, even, further toxic shock occur. The surgical goals in the acute setting are designed to remove the bulk of the diseased bowel, restore the patient’s health in the most reliable and least risky way, and preserve the patient’s potential of reestablishing intestinal continuity. Subtotal colectomy and terminal ileostomy are safe and effective surgical approaches[21]. Therefore, we performed a prophylactic stoma in the terminal ileum, followed by ileostomy retraction 3-6 mo later, when the patient’s condition permitted.

CONCLUSION

The early screening and hierarchical management of irAEs need the joint participation of a multidisciplinary team. For patients who present ICI-related colitis when medical treatment is not effective, timely surgical intervention might prevent their death.