Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in pregnancy: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but life-threatening disease in pregnant women. Anticoagulation is the first-line therapy for CVT management. However, some patients have poor outcomes despite anticoagulation. Currently, the endovascular treatment of CVT in pregnant women remains controversial. We report a rare case of CVT in a pregnant woman who was successfully treated with two stent retriever devices.

CASE SUMMARY

The patient was a 29-year-old pregnant woman. She was first diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum due to severe nausea and vomiting for one week. As the disease progressed, she developed acute left hemiplegia. Imaging confirmed the diagnosis of superior sagittal sinus, right transverse sinus and sinus sigmoideus thrombosis. As anticoagulant therapy was ineffective, she underwent thrombectomy. After the mechanical thrombectomy, her headache diminished. Three weeks later, the patient was completely independent. At a 3-mo follow-up, no relapse of symptoms was observed.

CONCLUSION

Mechanical thrombectomy may be an effective alternative therapy for CVT in pregnant women if anticoagulation therapy fails.

Key Words: Pregnancy, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Anticoagulation, Mechanical thrombectomy, Case report

Core Tip: Pregnancy-related cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon and severe disease. Endovascular treatment of CVT in pregnant women remains controversial. We report a rare case of CVT in a pregnant woman who was successfully treated with two stent retriever devices. Given its rare incidence and highly diverse clinical manifestations, the clinical diagnosis of CVT is challenging. In order to avoid misdiagnosis in these high-risk patients, prompt multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment is essential.

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare and severe disease. A recent study found that approximately one-third of CVT patients did not return to paid work, and this was more common in women and patients with parenchymal lesions[1]. According to the 2017 European ESO/EAN Guidelines, anticoagulation is the main therapeutic regimen for CVT in clinical practice[2]. However, some patients have poor outcomes despite anticoagulation. Studies have demonstrated the benefits of endovascular therapy with respect to CVT recanalization[3]. However, due to the low-level of available evidence, the 2017 European guidelines do not make any recommendations, and specific analyses regarding pregnant populations are limited. Here, we report a rare case of CVT in a pregnant woman who underwent endovascular mechanical thrombectomy using two stent retriever devices.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 29-year-old female in the 8^th week of her first pregnancy presented to the Obstetrics Department of a referral hospital. The patient had nausea, vomiting and persistent headaches for one week prior to admission. Due to severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, she was first diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum.

History of present illness

A persistent headache with nausea and non-projectile vomiting occurred 1 wk previously. The headache was mainly characterized by mild-to-moderate, pulsatile headache on both sides of the temple, which was more obvious when shaking her head. The patient had no other discomfort such as fever, blurred vision, hemiplegia, consciousness disturbance, seizures, etc.

History of past illness

About 8 wk previously, the patient’s menstruation ceased. Two weeks ago, she was treated with oral progesterone to prevent miscarriage due to a small amount of intermittent vaginal discharge. She denied a history of hematologic disorders, autoimmune diseases, intracranial and extracranial tumors.

Personal and family history

The patient denied taking oral contraceptives and denied a family history of hereditary thrombophilia.

Physical examination

On admission, the patient’s main symptoms were a persistent headache, nausea and vomiting. Her vital signs and muscle strength were normal. Three days after admission, she developed a new left-sided motor weakness (4/5). Neurologic consultation was recommended. Neurological examination showed poor spirit, left limb weakness (4/5), neck stiffness, positive Kernig’s sign and positive Babinski's sign on the left. No other focal neurological deficits were found.

Laboratory examinations

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure was 220 mmH₂O, cerebrospinal fluid cell count and protein were nearly normal, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was 150073 IU/L. Her D-dimer level was 12.5 mg/L. Other laboratory tests were normal, such as routine blood tests, coagulation function, routine urinalysis, liver function, kidney function, homocysteine, protein C, protein S and so on. Due to an acute onset of neurologic symptoms, and objective findings upon neurologic examination, the most probable diagnosis was CVT.

Imaging examinations

Ultrasound scan was performed, which showed a fetus at 8 wk of gestation (Figure 1A). Prethrombectomy brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance venography revealed superior sagittal sinus, right transverse sinus and sinus sigmoideus thrombosis with a right temporal lobe venous infarct (Figure 1B and C). Post-thrombectomy MRI revealed new lesions in the right frontal lobe and left parietal lobe (Figure 1D).

Figure 1 Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. A: Ultrasound shows a fetus at 8 wk of gestation (orange arrow); B: Pre-thrombectomy-diffusion weighted imaging shows restriction in the right temporal lobe (orange circle); C: Pre-thrombectomy susceptibility-weighted imaging shows a large area of low signal region in the right temporal lobe; D: Post-thrombectomy magnetic resonance imaging reveals new lesions in the right frontal lobe and left parietal lobe (orange arrows).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed with CVT.

TREATMENT

Anticoagulant treatment with subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administered twice a day was initiated. However, 3 d after admission, her symptoms worsened. The patient developed a right-sided weakness (4/5), and a progressive left limb weakness (3/5). Subsequent MRI confirmed new lesions in the right frontal lobe and left parietal lobe. Selective catheterization of the right internal carotid artery confirmed occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus, as well as the right transverse sinus, and sinus sigmoideus (Figure 2A and B). Despite anticoagulation, the patient’s neurological condition declined; therefore, emergency mechanical thrombectomy was performed. She successfully attained occluded superior sagittal sinus recanalization, as well as right transverse sinus, and sinus sigmoideus recanalization (Figure 2C-G). Microscopic appearance of the cerebral embolus specimen was consistent with a mixed thrombus (Figure 2H). As there were some residual thromboses, she continued LMWH therapy on the first post-procedure day. Immediately after the procedure, her headache diminished.

Figure 2 Operating process and outcome. A and B: Prethrombectomy angiogram confirms occlusion of superior longitudinal sinus, as well as right transverse sinus, and sinus sigmoideus (orange arrows); C and D: Mechanical thrombectomy was performed using two Solitaire stents (orange arrows); E and F: Post-thrombectomy angiogram shows resolution of flow in the superior longitudinal sinus, right transverse sinus and sinus sigmoideus (orange arrows); G: Gross appearance of the partial removed cerebral embolus; H: Microscopic appearance of the cerebral embolus specimen consistent with mixed thrombus.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Three weeks after the procedure, the patient was completely independent (modified Rankin Scale score = 0), and at a 3-mo follow-up, symptomatic relapse was not reported.

DISCUSSION

Primary headaches, such as tension headaches and migraines, frequently occur in pregnant women and are the most common causes of headaches[4]. However, if pregnant women experience new, deteriorating headaches or when the headaches change in character, secondary origins may exist[5]. Pregnancy is a risk factor for secondary headache disorders. Anesthesia for labor, hypercoagulability, as well as hormonal changes are factors for the high incidence of secondary headaches during pregnancy. The most frequent causes of secondary headaches include stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pituitary tumors, CVT, and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome[4].

Pregnancy is an important risk factor for CVT. In pregnancy, CVT has a prevalence of 1.2 per 100000 deliveries[6]. An increase in prevalence within the 1^st trimester is associated with women who have pre-existing thrombophilia who become pregnant. Given its rare incidence and highly diverse clinical manifestations, the clinical diagnosis of CVT is challenging. High incidences of headaches, motor weakness, seizures, and comatose/obtunded status have been reported, in tandem with clinical manifestations among non-pregnant/puerperal patients[7].

Due to its superior diagnostic accuracy, MRI is the most suitable option for diagnosing CVT in pregnant women, especially as it does not expose them to radiation, and it clearly differentiates soft tissues. Recent studies have shown that MRI performed with a 1.5-T magnet is safe for diagnosis in pregnant women at all trimesters[8].

Anticoagulation constitutes the first-line therapeutic option for managing the acute stage of CVT. LMWH has been confirmed to be preferable to unfractionated heparin, as it results in reduced mortality as well as better functional outcomes, with equivalent rates of systemic bleeding[9]. Furthermore, in special populations, such as pregnant women, LMWH cannot traverse the placenta, and adverse reactions associated with teratogenicity or fatal bleeding have not been reported. Therefore, it is a reasonable choice of anticoagulation therapy for CVT patients during pregnancy[10].

In the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis, approximately 13% of cases had poor outcomes even after anticoagulation treatment[7]. The 2017 European ESO/EAN Guidelines recommend that patients with acute CVT who are at a low risk of adverse consequences before treatment should not undergo endovascular treatment.

Currently, although there are no randomized controlled trials regarding the effectiveness and safety of endovascular treatment for CVT, more and more evidence has shown that mechanical thrombectomy is a safe and effective treatment for CVT[3,11]. A 2017 review of 235 patients with CVT and a neurologic presentation described the effectiveness and safety of endovascular treatment for CVT. They found that although 40.2% of patients presented with poor baseline characteristics (encephalopathy or coma), 69.0% of patients achieved complete radiographic resolution of CVT after endovascular treatment, 76% of patients achieved a good clinical outcome (a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2), and the rate of worsening or new intracranial hemorrhage was only 8.7%.

However, studies on the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy for CVT in pregnant women are mainly limited to case reports and small series. To date, there are only 12 case reports of mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of CVT in pregnant women. Table 1 summarizes the reported cases of CVT in pregnant women treated with mechanical thrombectomy from the literature along with our patient[12-19]. In addition to pregnancy, most patients (7/12) have other risk factors, such as antithrombin III deficiency and so on. Because of consciousness disorder or rapid deterioration of neurological function, all the patients underwent thrombectomy with or without thrombolysis. In two patients, thrombectomy resulted in complete restoration of flow (2/8) and in the remaining 6 patients (6/8) partial restoration of flow was achieved. Following thrombectomy, two (2/12) patients experienced non-fatal intracranial hemorrhage, 9 (75%) patients had a good clinical outcome and one patient died.

Table 1 Summary of reported cases of cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnant women treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

Ref.	Age	Risk factors	Treatment	Results of post-intervention CTA/DSA	Maternal outcome	Fetal outcome	Complications
Kourtopoulos et al[12], 1994	18	Pregnancy	Open thrombectomy, thrombolysis, heparin + actilyse	NA	mRS = 5 after 3 mo	Healthy	Intracranial hemorrhage
Chow et al[13], 2000	21	Pregnancy, anti-phospholipid antibodies	Heparin, rheolytic thrombectomy, urokinase	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 0 after 6 mo	NA	None
Ou et al[14], 2003	29	Pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome	Local thrombolysis (urokinase), mechanical thrombectomy, LMWH	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 2 at discharge	Healthy	None
Falavigna et al[15], 2006	24	Pregnancy	Mechanical lysis + abciximab	Complete restoration of flow	mRS = 0 after 12 mo	Healthy	Intracranial hemorrhage
Li et al[16], 2013	32	Pregnancy, mastoiditis	Mechanical thrombectomy combined with urokinase	NA	mRS = 2 at discharge	NA	None
Li et al[16], 2013	32	Antithrombin III deficiency, pregnancy	Mechanical thrombectomy combined with urokinase	NA	death	NA	None
Li et al[16], 2013	26	Pregnancy	Mechanical thrombectomy combined with urokinase	NA	mRS = 0 at discharge	NA	None
Mokin et al[17], 2015	33	Pregnancy	Heparin, penumbra aspiration catheter and separator	Complete restoration of flow	mRS = 2 at discharge	NA	None
Mokin et al[17], 2015	19	Pregnancy	Heparin, AngioJet	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 5 at discharge	NA	None
King et al[18], 2016	20	Pregnancy, antithrombin III deficiency	Heparin, mechanical thrombectomy (failed), catheter-directed tPA, heparin + argatroban	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 2 at discharge	Healthy	None
Serna Candel et al[19], 2019	34	Pregnancy, Heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation	LMWH, aspiration thrombectomy (failed), balloon angioplasty (failed), acetylsalicylic acid, eptifibatide, ticagrelor	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 2 at discharge	Healthy	None
Our case	29	Pregnancy, antithrombin III deficiency	LMWH, mechanical thrombectomy	Partial restoration of flow	mRS = 1 after 3 mo	Miscarriage	None

CVT: Cerebral venous thrombosis; CTA: Computed tomographic angiogram; DSA: Digital subtraction angiogram; NA: Not available; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; LMWH: Low-molecular weight heparin; tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator.

With regard to the safety of radiation exposure on fetal growth during an endovascular procedure, due to the distance between the mother's head and the uterus, the absorbed fetal radiation dose during endovascular treatment was only 2.8 mGy, which was much less than the risk threshold, and this had very little effect on the fetus[20]. The present review showed that the condition of the fetus was not mentioned in half of the 12 pregnant patients. One pregnancy ended in miscarriage, and five fetuses were normal at the time of discharge or follow-up. None of the infants was found to have either congenital anomalies or neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Therapeutic guidelines for CVT in pregnant women are difficult to establish, as the incidence of CVT in pregnancy is rare. If a patient presents with a new persistent headache and abnormalities on neurologic examination during pregnancy, obstetricians and neurologists should consider CVT, and MRI should be performed immediately. If the condition worsens during anticoagulant therapy, mechanical thrombectomy may be a good remedial treatment option.

CONCLUSION

Cerebral venous thrombosis is easily misdiagnosed or missed due to its rarity, diverse, and non-specific clinical manifestations during pregnancy. Prompt multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment is essential. Our case and those reported in the literature show that mechanical thrombectomy may be an effective alternative therapy for CVT in pregnant women who do not respond to standard management.