Effects of combined preconception and prenatal myo-inositol, probiotics, and trace element supplementation on the outcomes of depressed mothers

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Parameters	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t/χ2	P value
Age (year), mean ± SD	27.25 ± 2.17	27.36 ± 2.61	0.416	0.678
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	23.68 ± 2.74	23.71 ± 2.83	0.084	0.933
Marital status (married/other)	149 (97.39)/4 (2.61)	151 (93.79)/10 (6.21)	2.382	0.123
Educational level			0.555	0.758
Junior high school	51 (33.33)	48 (29.81)
High school and vocational school	42 (27.45)	49 (30.43)
College and above	60 (39.22)	64 (39.75)
Smoker	6 (3.92)	8 (4.97)	0.202	0.653
Household income (monthly)			0.071	0.965
< 10000 RMB	38 (24.84)	39 (24.22)
10000-20000 RMB	78 (50.98)	81 (50.31)
> 20000 RMB	37 (24.18)	41 (25.47)
Compliance	122 (79.74)	133 (82.61)	0.424	0.515
Nulliparous	105 (68.63)	115 (71.43)	0.293	0.588
Infant sex (male/female)	70 (45.75)	77 (47.83)	0.136	0.713
Any breastfeeding	146 (95.42)	157 (97.52)	1.014	0.314
All preterm deliveries (< 37 weeks)	13 (8.50)	9 (5.59)	1.017	0.313
PPROM	9 (5.88)	4 (2.48)	2.282	0.131
Major postpartum hemorrhage	8 (5.23)	4 (2.48)	1.607	0.205
GDM	36 (23.53)	21 (13.04)	5.806	0.016
Severe nausea and vomiting	24 (15.69)	19 (11.80)	1.002	0.317
Gestational hypertension	14 (9.15)	6 (3.73)	3.869	0.049
Preeclampsia	6 (3.92)	4 (2.48)	0.163	0.687
Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia	5 (3.27)	2 (1.24)	0.694	0.405
Zung self-rating depression scale	45.75 ± 4.26	45.37 ± 4.65	0.75	0.454

Data are presented as n (%). BMI: Body mass index; PPROM: Preterm premature rupture of membranes; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Comparison of baseline biomarkers before intervention between the two groups

Variable	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t	P value
Folate (nmol/L)	25.37 ± 3.12	24.79 ± 3.46	1.558	0.12
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	7.31 ± 1.17	7.28 ± 1.34	0.170	0.865
Riboflavin (nmol/L)	8.78 ± 2.04	8.52 ± 1.97	1.176	0.241
FMN (nmol/L)	12.08 ± 2.57	12.41 ± 2.39	1.164	0.245
Inositol (μmol/L)	16.27 ± 3.24	15.98 ± 3.61	0.757	0.449
Calcium (mg/dL)	9.12 ± 1.06	9.23 ± 1.12	0.932	0.352
Iron (μg/dL)	92.17 ± 10.25	93.74 ± 9.76	1.391	0.165
Zinc (μg/dL)	86.33 ± 6.19	86.04 ± 7.18	0.378	0.706
Probiotics (CFU × 108/g)	92.37 ± 16.15	93.25 ± 17.24	0.465	0.642

Data are presented as mean ± SD. FMN: Flavin mononucleotide.

Table 3 Comparison of biomarkers between the two groups 1 week before delivery

Variable	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t	P value
Folate (nmol/L)	42.28 ± 5.37	42.69 ± 3.46	0.801	0.424
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	3.95 ± 1.03	3.94 ± 1.14	0.063	0.95
Riboflavin (nmol/L)	16.31 ± 3.67	17.08 ± 4.28	1.709	0.088
FMN (nmol/L)	10.35 ± 2.07	10.39 ± 2.34	0.154	0.877
Inositol (μmol/L)	21.28 ± 4.71	22.37 ± 3.45	2.326	0.021
Calcium (mg/dL)	9.66 ± 2.14	10.15 ± 2.27	1.962	0.051
Iron (μg/dL)	107.34 ± 12.28	111.35 ± 10.28	3.130	0.002
Zinc (μg/dL)	91.74 ± 9.34	95.34 ± 10.81	3.156	0.002
Probiotics (CFU × 108/g)	95.34 ± 15.27	99.64 ± 16.27	2.413	0.016

Data are presented as mean ± SD. FMN: Flavin mononucleotide.

Table 4 Comparison of baseline mood scale scores before the intervention between the two groups

Variable	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t	P value
PANAS-NOW
PA	12.35 ± 2.36	12.64 ± 2.61	1.048	0.296
NA	27.36 ± 3.15	27.42 ± 3.62	0.166	0.868
STAI
State anxiety	67.65 ± 10.25	69.47 ± 9.71	1.614	0.108
Trait anxiety	71.34 ± 8.18	72.35 ± 8.02	1.112	0.267
PHQ-8	9.44 ± 2.88	9.52 ± 3.01	0.241	0.81

Data are presented as mean ± SD. PANAS-NOW: Positive and negative affect schedule-now; PA: Positive affect; NA: Negative affect; STAI: State-trait anxiety inventory; PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire-8.

Table 5 Comparison of baseline World Health Organization Quality of life Assessment: Brief Version scores before intervention between the two groups

Variable	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t	P value
Physical health	45.68 ± 6.84	46.12 ± 6.72	0.569	0.570
Psychological	33.13 ± 6.77	33.65 ± 7.11	0.661	0.509
Social relationships	42.25 ± 7.12	41.98 ± 7.62	0.322	0.748
Environment	43.66 ± 7.87	42.97 ± 8.12	0.762	0.446

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Table 6 Comparison of basic neonatal conditions at birth between the two groups

Variable	Control group (n = 153)	Intervention group (n = 161)	t/χ2	P value
Gestational age at birth	39.42 ± 1.23	39.15 ± 1.09	2.111	0.036
Birth weight (kg)	3.18 ± 0.51	3.28 ± 0.52	1.714	0.088
Body length (cm)	49.25 ± 1.35	49.71 ± 1.56	2.820	0.005
Head circumference	35.14 ± 2.36	34.57 ± 2.81	1.945	0.053
Placental weight (g)	541.55 ± 15.82	540.19 ± 17.52	0.721	0.472
Placental area (cm2)	175.69 ± 17.64	174.74 ± 16.78	0.492	0.623
Umbilical cord length (cm)	55.12 ± 17.85	57.36 ± 18.94	1.074	0.284
Admission to neonatal unit, n (%)	12 (7.84)	4 (2.48)	4.658	0.031
Neonatal septicemia, n (%)	2 (1.31)	0 (0)	0.556	0.456

Data are presented as mean ± SD.