Diagnostic dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging blood-brain barrier assessment combined with plasma biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.103661

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Jun 19, 2025 (publication date) through May 29, 2025

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Jun 19, 2025; 15(6): 103661
Published online Jun 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.103661

Table 1 Comparison of general information among three groups, mean ± SD

Characteristic	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value
Age (years)	70.24 ± 3.44	71.18 ± 4.29	71.33 ± 4.82	1.063	0.348
Gender				0.062	0.969
Male	32	30	30
Female	23	20	22
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.22 ± 2.10	23.40 ± 1.23	22.83 ± 1.24	1.685	0.189
Marital status				1.109	0.575
Married or remarried	37	29	31
Unmarried or divorced	18	21	21
Education level				12.484	0.014
Illiteracy	7	14	20
Primary school	19	21	16
Secondary school and above	29	15	16
Occupation				3.414	0.491
Unemployed	11	15	18
Farmer	25	20	17
Retired	19	15	17
Living conditions				3.228	0.199
Solitary	17	24	21
Non-solitary	38	26	31
Regular exercise				9.040	0.011
With	39	24	23
Without	16	26	29
History of smoking	28	35	33	4.193	0.123
History of drinking	28	33	35	3.166	0.205
Hypertension	31	32	30	0.709	0.702
Diabetes mellitus	24	23	26	0.442	0.802
Hyperlipidemia	27	22	25	0.300	0.861
APOE carrier		12	15	0.308	0.579

a-MCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Table 2 Comparison of various scale scores among three groups, mean ± SD

	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value
MoCA	28.05 ± 0.85	21.86 ± 2.05^a^,¹	21.23 ± 2.13^a^,¹	247.0	< 0.0001
AVLT-H-N5	6.16 ± 1.44	2.24 ± 0.69^a^,¹	2.31 ± 0.58^a^,¹	275.8	< 0.0001
HAMA	3.31 ± 2.10	5.16 ± 1.02^a^,¹	7.06 ± 1.00^a^,¹^,²	85.25	< 0.0001
HAMD	1.95 ± 0.23	6.00 ± 0.64^a^,¹	7.15 ± 0.61^a^,¹^,²	1488	< 0.0001
ADL	23.09 ± 1.17	26.24 ± 1.55^a^,¹	28.58 ± 1.21^a^,¹^,²	234.9	< 0.0001

^aP < 0.05.

¹P vs control group.

²P vs non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment group.

MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; AVLT-H-N5: Auditory verbal learning test-Huashan version delayed recall score (N5 dimension); HAMA: Hamilton anxiety scale; HAMD: Hamilton depression scale; ADL: Activity of daily living; a-MCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Table 3 Comparison of cerebral blood flow among three groups, mean ± SD

CBF/(mL/100 g/minute)	Right					Left
CBF/(mL/100 g/minute)	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value
Frontal lobe	69.40 ± 3.51	70.72 ± 2.15^a^,¹	53.37 ± 2.58^a^,¹^,²	606.4	< 0.0001	63.34 ± 3.25	59.60 ± 2.27^a^,¹	48.92 ± 2.60^a^,¹^,²	390.5	< 0.0001
Temporal lobe	53.31 ± 1.85	43.40 ± 1.37^a^,¹	47.64 ± 1.42^a^,¹^,²	528.1	< 0.0001	55.66 ± 2.02	51.67 ± 1.62^a^,¹	48.89 ± 1.39^a^,¹^,²	213.7	< 0.0001
Hippocampal head	58.83 ± 2.63	51.38 ± 1.65^a^,¹	48.71 ± 1.94^a^,¹^,²	325.7	< 0.0001	53.77 ± 2.51	49.06 ± 2.20^a^,¹	49.66 ± 2.42^a^,¹	61.72	< 0.0001
Hippocampus	51.32 ± 2.15	50.16 ± 1.40^a^,¹	45.87 ± 2.09^a^,¹^,²	117.8	< 0.0001	49.78 ± 1.94	46.78 ± 1.61^a^,¹	45.10 ± 1.98^a^,¹^,²	87.63	< 0.0001
Cuneus	55.20 ± 2.68	43.33 ± 1.55^a^,¹	43.24 ± 1.64^a^,¹	607.8	< 0.0001	52.23 ± 2.41	41.69 ± 1.09^a^,¹	46.90 ± 1.54^a^,¹^,²	455.1	< 0.0001
Precuneus	52.56 ± 2.36	49.67 ± 1.20^a^,¹	44.74 ± 1.58^a^,¹^,²	256.8	< 0.0001	55.17 ± 2.26	45.37 ± 1.34^a^,¹	43.22 ± 1.50^a^,¹^,²	701.6	< 0.0001
Parietal lobe	49.91 ± 2.23	48.37 ± 1.66^a^,¹	45.13 ± 1.37^a^,¹^,²	97.41	< 0.0001	48.24 ± 1.34	45.61 ± 1.19^a^,¹	42.53 ± 0.98^a^,¹^,²	311.9	< 0.0001
Basal ganglia	70.93 ± 2.38	67.66 ± 1.75^a^,¹	60.67 ± 1.49^a^,¹^,²	394.2	< 0.0001	70.53 ± 2.25	67.42 ± 2.24^a^,¹	64.63 ± 1.74^a^,¹^,²	106.6	< 0.0001
Occipital lobe	47.98 ± 2.28	48.21 ± 1.67	45.46 ± 1.49^a^,¹^,²	35.10	< 0.0001	48.20 ± 1.62	47.61 ± 1.69	45.25 ± 1.23^a^,¹^,²	55.12	< 0.0001

^aP < 0.05.

¹P vs control group.

²P vs non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment group.

CBF: Cerebral blood flow; a-MCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Table 4 Comparison of blood-brain barrier permeability among three groups, mean ± SD

Ktrans	Right					Left
Ktrans	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	F value	P value
Frontal lobe	0.01 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.01^a^,¹	0.03 ± 0.01^a^,¹^,²	2126	< 0.0001	0.09 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.02^a^,¹	0.02 ± 0.01^a^,¹^,²	1901	< 0.0001
Temporal lobe	0.05 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.02^a^,¹	0.08 ± 0.02^a^,¹^,²	83.51	< 0.0001	0.02 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01^a^,¹	0.02 ± 0.01^a^,²	1380	0.867
Hippocampal area	0.02 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01^a^,¹	0.13 ± 0.03^a^,¹^,²	451.6	< 0.0001	0.01 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01^a^,¹	0.09 ± 0.03^a^,¹^,²	251.0	< 0.0001

^aP < 0.05.

¹P vs control group.

²P vs non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment group.

a-MCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Table 5 Comparison of the levels of biochemical indexes of the subjects, mean ± SD

Biochemical indexes	Control group (n = 55)	na-MCI group (n = 50)	a-MCI group (n = 52)	χ²/t value	P value
Hcy (μmol/L)	10.47 ± 2.91	12.62 ± 2.15^a^,¹	13.40 ± 2.21^a^,¹^,²	20.42	< 0.0001
Aβ42 (pg/mL)	129.38 ± 15.49	107.20 ± 7.66^a^,¹	89.87 ± 12.17^a^,¹^,²	138.4	< 0.0001
Aβ40 (pg/mL)	151.65 ± 40.52	147.34 ± 21.94	147.63 ± 34.30	0.278	0.758
p-tau181 (pg/mL)	14.22 ± 1.99	31.77 ± 4.69^a^,¹	40.66 ± 4.11^a^,¹^,²	695.1	< 0.0001
ICAM-1 (g/mL)	117.29 ± 16.43	215.99 ± 25.44^a^,¹	286.60 ± 33.44^a^,¹^,²	577.9	< 0.0001
VCAM-1 (mg/L)	1.79 ± 0.26	2.23 ± 0.31^a^,¹	2.50 ± 0.51^a^,¹^,²	49.07	< 0.0001
PAI-1 (ng/L)	314.59 ± 32.81	366.83 ± 36.77^a^,¹	397.75 ± 45.68^a^,¹^,²	63.26	< 0.0001
NFL (pg/mL)	18.55 ± 4.90	39.22 ± 6.77^a^,¹	46.70 ± 6.44^a^,¹^,²	311.1	< 0.0001
GFAP (ng/mL)	4.00 ± 0.23	8.68 ± 1.09^a^,¹	9.48 ± 3.19^a^,¹	125.0	< 0.0001

^aP < 0.05.

¹P vs control group.

²P vs non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment group.

a-MCI: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; na-MCI: Non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Hcy: Homocysteine; Aβ: β-amyloid protein; p-tau181: Phosphorylated tau-181 protein; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NFL: Neurofilament light chain; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Citation: Sun L, Xu MR, Zhou CY, Cao SD, Zhang XL, Guan SQ, Sang WX, Li XL. Diagnostic dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging blood-brain barrier assessment combined with plasma biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(6): 103661
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i6/103661.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.103661