Mohammed Al-Beltagi, Nermin Kamal Saeed, Adel Salah Bediwy, Hosameldin A Bediwy, Reem Elbeltagi
Mohammed Al-Beltagi, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Alghrabia, Egypt
Mohammed Al-Beltagi, Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
Nermin Kamal Saeed, Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Governmental Hospitals, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
Nermin Kamal Saeed, Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland – Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
Adel Salah Bediwy, Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Alghrabia, Egypt
Adel Salah Bediwy, Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
Hosameldin A Bediwy, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
Reem Elbeltagi, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland – Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
Co-first authors: Mohammed Al-Beltagi and Nermin Kamal Saeed.
Author contributions: Al-Beltagi M and Saeed NK contributed equally to this study as co-first authors; Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, and Elbeltagi R contributed equally to the conception, design, and methodology of the review article; Al-Beltagi M was involved in data collection, manuscript writing, and revising the manuscript; Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, and Elbeltagi R assisted in data collection, writing, and revising the manuscript; Al-Beltagi M served as the corresponding author and contributed to the final approval of the manuscript; all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this manuscript.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Mohammed Al-Beltagi, MD, PhD, Chief Physician, Professor, Depart
ment of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, 1 Hassan Radwan Street, Tanta 31511, Alghrabia, Egypt.
mbelrem@hotmail.com
Received: December 3, 2024
Revised: March 11, 2025
Accepted: March 21, 2025
Published online: September 9, 2025
Processing time: 198 Days and 17.3 Hours
