Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Orthop. Nov 18, 2018; 9(11): 255-261
Published online Nov 18, 2018. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v9.i11.255
Figure 1
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 1 Composition of fatty acids, vitamin E and polyphenols in a Sicilian extra virgin olive oil-supplemented diet. Palmitic acid (16:0) (mg/kg) 9002; palmitoleic acid (16:1) (mg/kg) 579; stearic acid (18:0) (mg/kg) 1689; oleic acid (18:1) (mg/kg) 24047; linoleic acid (18:2) (mg/kg) 20352; linolenic acid (18:3) (mg/kg) 2018; vitamin E (mg/kg) 72.167; polyphenols (mg/kg) 5.960.
Figure 2
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 2 Chemical structure of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin. A: Curcumin, C21H20O6; B: Tetrahydrocurcumin, C21H24O6.
Figure 3
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 3 Anti-inflammatory effect of sanguinarine. Sanguinarine acts as suppressor of IL-1β, targeting the pathways involved in JNK activation and the degradation of IκBα, an inhibitory subunit of NF-κB. IL: Interleukin; IκBα: Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MKK7: Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7.
Figure 4
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 4 Vitamin D levels in osteoarthritis patients at baseline and after vitamin D2 supplementation. At baseline, 72 participants had vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) and 103 patients had vitamin D insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL). After 40000 IU of vitamin D2 supplementation per week for 6 mo, 100 knee OA participants achieved concentration above 30 ng/mL, 70 knee OA participants had vitamin D insufficiency, and only 5 patients had vitamin D deficiency. Vit D: Vitamin D; OA: Osteoarthritis.
Figure 5
Open in New Tab Full Size Figure Download Figure
Figure 5 Mechanisms of heme oxygenase-1 upregulation by carnosic acid. CA induces the expression of HO-1 by: Activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, downregulation of Bach1 via miR-140 and downregulation of the IL-1β-induced expression of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes such as MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5. CA: Carnosic acid; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; IL: Interleukin; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; ADAMTS: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs; miR-140: MicroRNA 140.