Incidence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of pericardial effusion in left ventricular assist device patients

Table 1 Patient-level characteristics of pericardial effusion vs no pericardial effusion in left ventricular assist device, n (%)

Characteristics	Pericardial effusion	No pericardial effusion	P value
Total number	640.00	9210.00
Gender
Male	445 (69.53)	7245 (78.66)	0.001
Female	195 (30.47)	1965 (21.34)
Age (years)	57.57 ± 2.54	57.03 ± 3.63	0.649
Race
White	345 (57.02)	5365 (62.21)	0.031
Black	165 (27.27)	2135 (24.75)
Others	95 (15.7)	1125 (13.04)
Co-morbidities
Liver disease	170 (26.56)	1600 (17.37)	0.001
Obesity	150 (23.44)	1910 (20.74)	0.115
Chronic kidney disease	350 (54.69)	4550 (49.41)	0.010
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	90 (14.06)	1480 (16.07)	0.198
Carotid artery disease	10 (1.56)	1020 (11.07)	0.978
Percutaneous coronary intervention	10 (1.56)	65 (0.71)	0.029
CABG	5 (0.78)	135 (1.47)	0.214
Hypertension	65 (10.16)	1020 (11.07)	0.514
Peripheral vascular disease	15 (2.34)	370 (4.02)	0.044
Hypothyroidism	140 (21.88)	1665 (18.08)	0.018
Diabetes mellitus types 1&2	190 (29.69)	3555 (38.6)	0.001
Congestive heart failure	630 (98.44)	8890 (96.53)	0.013
Electrolyte derangement	455 (71.09)	6040 (65.58)	0.005
Smoking	25 (3.91)	520 (5.65)	0.076
Anemia	505 (78.91)	7055 (76.6)	0.198
Afib	375 (58.59)	4650 (50.49)	0.001
CAD	75 (11.72)	405 (4.41)	0.001
Dyslipidemia	200 (31.25)	3620 (39.31)	0.001

CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD: Coronary artery disease; Afib: Atrial fibrillation.

Table 2 Multivariate regression analysis for pericardial effusion group in left ventricular assist device

Comorbidity	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Liver disease	1.721 (1.429- 2.063)	0.001
Chronic kidney disease	1.235 (1.052- 1.452)	0.009
Percutaneous coronary intervention	2.263 (1.083 -4.232)	0.015
Peripheral vascular disease	0.579 (0.328 -0.942)	0.034
Hypothyroidism	1.269 (1.041- 1.538)	0.016
Diabetes mellitus types 1&2	0.671 (0.563 -0.798)	0.001
Congestive heart failure	2.232 (1.249 -4.523)	0.009
Electrolyte derangement	1.290 (1.083-1.541)	0.004
Afib	1.387 (1.179-1.633)	0.001
CAD	2.890 (2.212-3.729)	0.001
Dyslipidemia	0.702 (0.590- 0.833)	0.001

CAD: Coronary artery disease; Afib: Atrial fibrillation.

Table 3 Clinical outcomes pericardial effusion vs no pericardial effusion in left ventricular assist device

	Pericardial effusion	No pericardial effusion	P value
Length of stay (days)	40.52 ± 6.06	34.08 ± 1.39	0.043
Hospitalization cost (USD)	847525 ± 93380	792616 ± 37959	0.035
Mortality	9.38 ± 2.26	9.34% ± 0.40	1