Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2021; 12(1): 56-68
Published online Jan 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.56
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (1998)

All, n = 170
Males, n = 86
Females, n = 84
P value
Age in yr12.6 ± 5.612.4 ± 6.012.6 ± 5.10.854
Age at diabetes diagnosis8.1 ± 4.48.0 ± 4.78.2 ± 4.10.735
Diabetes duration4.4 ± 4.04.4 ± 4.24.3 ± 3.80.828
HbA1c, %8.4 ± 1.48.6 ± 1.48.2 ± 1.40.064
HbA1c in mmol/L68.370.566.1
Pubertal stage, n (%)
Tanner 179 (46.5)47 (54.7)32 (38.1)0.291
Tanner 211 (6.5)4 (4.7)7 (8.3)
Tanner 319 (11.2)8 (9.3)11 (13.1)
Tanner 412 (7.1)5 (5.8)7 (8.3)
Tanner 549 (28.8)22 (25.6)27 (32.1)
Menarche NA48 (57.1)
Age at menarcheNA13.3 ± 1.3
Ethnicity, n (%)
Ashkenazi Jew102 (60.0)47 (54.7)55 (65.5)0.120
North African Jew19 (11.2)7 (8.1)12 (14.3)
Oriental Jew19 (11.2)10 (11.6)9 (10.7)
Yemenite Jew16 (9.4)12 (14)4 (4.8)
Ethiopian Jew4 (2.4)2 (2.3)2 (2.4)
Arab10 (5.9)8 (9.3)2 (2.4)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients, n (%)
Overweight20 (11.8)9 (10.5)11 (13.1)0.864
Obesity8 (4.7)4 (4.7)4 (4.8)
Systolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile15 (8.8)8 (9.3)7 (8.3)0.336
Systolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile19 (11.2)12 (14)7 (8.3)
Systolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile8 (4.7)5 (5.8)3 (3.6)
Diastolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile3 (1.8)2 (2.3)1 (1.2)0.670
Diastolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile7 (4.1)3 (3.5)4 (4.8)
Diastolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile1 (0.6)1 (1.2)0 (0)
Pre-hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile15 (8.8)9 (10.5)6 (7.1)0.426
Stage 1 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile23 (13.5)12 (14)11 (13.1)
Stage 2 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 99th percentile9 (5.3)6 (7)3 (3.6)
Lipid profile1n = 144n = 71n = 73
LDL-c, n (%)0.049
< 75th percentile63 (43.8)27 (38)36 (49.3)
75th-90th percentile47 (32.6)21 (29.6)26 (35.6)
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile10 (6.9)7 (8.1)3 (4.1)
Elevated > 95th24 (16.7)16 (18.6)8 (11)
Triglycerides, n (%)0.393
< 75th percentile31 (21.5)12 (16.9)19 (26)
75th-90th percentile59 (41)30 (42.3)29 (39.7)
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile16 (11.1)7 (9.9)9 (12.3)
Elevated > 95th38 (26.3)22 (30.9)16 (21.9)
HDL-c, n (%)0.728
Normal level > 10th percentile127 (88.2)62 (87.3)65 (89%)
Borderline low 5th -10th percentile9 (6.2)4 (5.6)5 (6.8)
Low level < 5th percentile8 (5.5)5 (6.9)3 (4.1)
Positive family history of cardiovascular risk factors in a first-degree relative, n (%)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Type 2 diabetes51 (30)23 (26.7)28 (33.3)0.349
Premature coronary artery disease 24 (14.1)10 (11.6)14 (16.7)0.346
Dyslipidemia32 (18.8)17 (19.8)15 (17.9)0.750
Hypertension33 (19.4)16 (18.6)17 (20.2)0.778
Cerebrovascular accident4 (2.4)4 (4.7)0 (0)0.035
Table 2 Characteristics of the study cohort at the last visit

All, n = 170
Males, n = 86
Females, n = 84
P value
Age in yr26.3 ± 5.726.5 ± 6.026.0 ± 5.50.540
Diabetes duration in yr18.2 ± 5.6 18.6 ± 5.517.8 ± 5.80.375
Duration follow-up in yr13.7 ± 3.714.1 ± 3.613.4 ± 3.90.222
HbA1c, %8.0 ± 1.48.2 ± 1.67.9 ± 1.10.164
HbA1c in mmol/L63.966.162.8
Smoker, n (%)13 (7.6)7 (8.1)6 (7.1)0.807
Oral contraceptive use, n (%)11 (13.1)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients1, n (%)All, n = 149Males, n = 74Females, n = 75
Diabetes only13 (8.7)5 (6.8)8 (10.7)0.578
+ 141 (27.5)21 (28.4)20 (26.7)
+ 262 (41.6)28 (37.8)34 (45.3)
+ 327 (18.1)16 (21.6)11 (14.7)
+ 46 (4.0)4 (5.4)2 (2.7)
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients, n (%)
Overweight/obesity, n = 15863/158 (39.9)32 (40)31 (39.7)0.974
Hypertension, n = 15237 (24.3)26 (35.1)11 (14.1)0.003
Systolic BP > 130 mmHg28 (18.4)22 (29.7)6 (7.7)< 0.001
Diastolic BP > 80 mmHg21 (13.8)16 (21.6)5 (6.4)0.007
Dyslipidemia113 (66.5)57 (66.3)56 (66.7)0.957
LDL-c > 100 mg/dL83 (48.8)43 (50.0)40 (47.6)0.641
Triglycerides > 150 mg/dL27 (15.9)11 (12.7)16 (19.0)0.279
HDL-c < 40 mg/dL (males) and < 50 mg/dL (females)39 (22.9)15 (17.4)24 (28.5)0.099
Statin use229 (18.2)18 (22.5)11 (13.9)0.316
Table 3 Factors associated with dyslipidemia (1998-last visit)

β (SE)
P value
95%CI
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Diastolic blood pressure 199811.4 (4.7)0.0032.0, 20.7
Positive family history of cardiovascular disease20.7 (6.8)0.0177.2, 34.1
Triglycerides
Diastolic blood pressure 199823.8 (9.1)0.015.8, 41.8
Positive family history of cardiovascular disease31.0 (13.1)0.025.0, 57.0
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Diastolic blood pressure 1998-4.8 (2.1)0.022-8.9, -0.7
Total cholesterol
Positive family history of CVD23.1 (8.3)0.0066.6, 39.5