Diabetes as a pan-cancer risk factor: Triangulated evidence from global burden, longitudinal cohorts, and Mendelian randomization

Figure 1 Global and China patterns of cancer burden attributable to high fasting plasma glucose. A: Relative contributions of risk factors to cancer-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2021, globally; B: Relative contributions of risk factors to cancer-related DALYs in 2021, China; C: Proportion of cancer-related DALYs attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from 1990 to 2021, globally; D: Proportion of cancer-related DALYs attributable to high FPG from 1990 to 2021, China; E: Age-specific proportions of cancer-related DALYs attributable to high FPG in 2021, globally; F: Age-specific proportions of cancer-related DALYs attributable to high FPG in 2021, China. DALYs: Disability-adjusted life years; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose.

Figure 2 Associations of diabetes status with all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A: Survival probability of all participants stratified by diabetic status; B: Survival probability of patients with cancer stratified by diabetic status; C: Cancer-specific survival probability of patients with cancer stratified by diabetic status; D: Cancer-specific competing risk of patients with cancer stratified by diabetic status.

Figure 3 Nonlinear relationships of diabetes-related markers and cancer prevalence. A: Nonlinear relationships of diabetes duration and cancer prevalence in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; B: Nonlinear relationships of triglyceride-glucose index and cancer prevalence in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; C: Nonlinear relationships of metabolic score for insulin resistance and cancer prevalence in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. OR: Odds ratio; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose; METS-IR: Metabolic score for insulin resistance.