Role and mechanism of sarcosine dehydrogenase in the progression of gallbladder cancer through chemokine pathways

Figure 1 Sarcosine dehydrogenase expression in gallbladder cancer tissues and cell lines. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of the expression of sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) in gallbladder cancer tissues; B: RT-PCR analysis of SARDH expression in various gallbladder cancer cell lines. SARDH: Sarcosine dehydrogenase.

Figure 2 Effect of sarcosine dehydrogenase on gallbladder cancer cell proliferation. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirms the efficiency of sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) knockdown; B: RT-PCR analysis confirming the efficiency of SARDH overexpression; C: CCK-8 assay showing that SARDH knockdown promotes gallbladder cancer cell proliferation; D: CCK-8 assay showing that SARDH overexpression inhibits gallbladder cancer cell proliferation. SARDH: Sarcosine dehydrogenase.

Figure 3 Effects of sarcosine dehydrogenase on the migration, invasion, adhesion, and apoptosis of gallbladder cancer cells. A: Sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) overexpression inhibited the migration and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells; B: SARDH silencing promoted the migration and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells; C: SARDH overexpression inhibited the adhesion of gallbladder cancer cells; D: SARDH silencing promoted cell adhesion of gallbladder cancer cells; E: Flow cytometry analysis showed that SARDH overexpression promoted the apoptosis of gallbladder cancer cells; F: Flow detection of SARDH silencing inhibited the apoptosis of gallbladder carcinoma cells. SARDH: Sarcosine dehydrogenase.

Figure 4 Interaction between sarcosine dehydrogenase and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 in gallbladder cancer and its impact on signaling pathways. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of the interaction between sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1); B: RT-PCR detection of CXCL1 expression in gallbladder cancer; C: Western blot analysis showing activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/ERK2 signaling pathways through the SARDH/CXCL1 axis in BGC-SD cells; D: Silencing SARDH and CXCL1 markedly increased the activation levels of p-Akt and p-ERK in cancer cells. SARDH: Sarcosine dehydrogenase; Akt: Protein kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase.

Figure 5 Effects of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 silencing on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the efficiency of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) silencing; B: CCK-8 assay showed that CXCL1 silencing inhibited gallbladder cancer cell proliferation; C: CXCL1 silencing inhibited gallbladder cancer cell migration and invasion. CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1.

Figure 6 Synergistic effects of sarcosine dehydrogenase and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 regulation on the function of gallbladder cancer cells. A: Gallbladder cancer cell proliferation was detected after sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) overexpression and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) silencing; B: Gallbladder cancer cell migration and invasion were detected after SARDH overexpression and CXCL1 silencing; C: Gallbladder cancer cell proliferation was detected after simultaneous overexpression of SARDH and CXCL1; D: Gallbladder cancer cell proliferation was detected after overexpression of both SARDH and CXCL1; E: Western blot analysis showed that interference with the SARDH/CXCL1 axis inhibited the activation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/ERK2 signaling pathways in BGC-SD. CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; SARDH: Sarcosine dehydrogenase; Akt: Protein kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase.