Diagnostic value of alpha-fetoprotein and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II in serum, bile, and feces in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Differences in tumor marker levels among sample types. A-F: Differences in tumor markers in blood, bile, and feces of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-HCC; G and H: Comparative analysis of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) levels in blood and bile among patients with HCC.

Figure 2 Diagnostic efficacy, correlation coefficients of tumor markers, immunohistochemical analysis, and recurrence-free survival analysis. A: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis using alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) in serum, bile, and feces; B: ROC curve for HCC diagnosis using the combination of AFP and PIVKA-II in serum and bile; C: ROC curve for the HCC diagnosis using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), CA153, and CA19-9 in serum; D: Correlation coefficient between serum AFP, PIVKA-II, and bile AFP; E: Correlation analysis of AFP expression in tumor tissues and serum AFP levels; F: Correlation analysis between AFP expression in tumor tissues and bile AFP levels; G: Correlation analysis between AFP expression in paracancerous tissue and serum AFP levels; H: Correlation analysis between AFP expression in paracancerous tissue and bile AFP levels; I: Recurrence-free survival analysis using AFP immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue for serum in patients with AFP-positive HCC; J: Recurrence-free survival analysis using AFP immunohistochemistry in paracancerous tissue for serum in patients with AFP-positive HCC. AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 3 Immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma and the structural relationship between alpha-fetoprotein and the spatial distribution of bile ducts. A: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue; B: AFP immunohistochemistry in paraneoplastic tissue; C: Negative AFP immunohistochemistry result in tumor tissue, with scattered enhancement in some areas; D: AFP immunohistochemistry results; E: Cytokeratin 7 immunohistochemistry results. A-C from left to right: 100 ×, 200 ×, 400 × magnifications; D and E from left to right: 100 ×, 100 ×, 200 × magnifications.

Figure 4 Correlation analysis of gut microbiota and tumor markers. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ^cP < 0.001. AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PIVKA-II: Prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II.