Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rat

Table 1 Effect of lycopene on serum liver function markers and blood lipid levels

Group	ALT (IU/L)	AST (IU/L)	TG (mmol/L)	TC (mmol/L)
Control	16.72 ± 2.62	60.65 ± 6.28	0.52 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.06
Model	61.25 ± 13.55b	162.17 ± 35.53b	1.38 ± 0.21b	3.04 ± 0.72b
Ly 5 mg/kg	30.90 ± 3.84c	95.91 ± 13.65c	1.02 ± 0.10	2.31 ± 0.24
Ly 10 mg/kg	26.33 ± 2.06d	88.53 ± 9.18d	0.75 ± 0.06c	2.00 ± 0.12c
Ly 20 mg/kg	20.77 ± 3.52d	78.44 ± 9.79d	0.59 ± 0.03d	1.83 ± 0.15d

Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 12) for each group.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs model group. Ly: Lycopene; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol.

Table 2 Effect of lycopene on liver antioxidant enzyme-specific activities, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation levels

Group	SOD (U/mgprot)	GSH (mg/gprot)	MDA (nmol/mgprot)
Control	131.42 ± 16.24	6.76 ± 1.54	3.46 ± 1.11
Model	77.70 ± 7.63b	2.55 ± 0.78b	7.58 ± 3.10b
Ly 5 mg/kg	90.95 ± 9.56c	2.68 ± 1.26	5.24 ± 1.46d
Ly 10 mg/kg	109.52 ± 11.34d	3.76 ± 0.91c	4.13 ± 1.13d
Ly 20 mg/kg	121.25 ± 10.68d	4.79 ± 1.51d	3.45 ± 1.39d

Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 12) for each group.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs model group. Ly: Lycopene; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; MDA: Malondialdehyde.

Table 3 Effect of lycopene on low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and free fatty acid levels in liver tissue

Group	LDL-C (mmol/L)	HDL-C (mmol/L)	FFA (mmol/L)
Control	0.34 ± 0.08	0.98 ± 0.10	0.82 ± 0.13
Model	2.48 ± 0.13b	0.55 ± 0.02b	2.03 ± 0.15b
Ly 5 mg/kg	1.32 ± 0.10c	0.70 ± 0.04c	1.73 ± 0.12
Ly 10 mg/kg	0.95 ± 0.05d	0.80 ± 0.05d	1.56 ± 0.10c
Ly 20 mg/kg	0.62 ± 0.08d	0.87 ± 0.05d	1.34 ± 0.08d

Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 12) for each group.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs model group. Ly: Lycopene; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; FFA: Free fatty acid.