Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors

Table 1 Percentage prevalence of HCV among different communities in Pakistan

Population type	Author	Region	Methods	Population size	HCV (%)
General population	Luby et al[10], 1997	Hafizabad	RIBA	309	6.50
	Parker et al[11], 2001	Lahore	EIA	417	6.70
	Khokhar et al[12], 2004	Islamabad	ELISA	47 538	5.31
	Muhammad et al[13], 2005	Buner	ELISA	16 400	4.57
	Hashim et al[14], 2005	Attock	ELISA	4552	4.00
	Zaman et al[15], 2006	Bahawalpur	ICT	6815	4.41
	Alam et al[16], 2006	Central Punjab	ELISA, ICT	2038	4.41
	Chaudhary et al[17], 2007	Rawalpindi	MEIA	1428	2.52
	Hakim et al[18], 2008	Karachi	ELISA,ICT,PCR	3820	5.20
	Tunveer et al[19], 2008	Lahore	ICT	203	1.48
Pediatric population	Agboatwalla et al[20], 1994	Karachi	ELISA	236	0.44
	Khan et al[21], 1996	Lahore	EIA,RIBA	538	4.09
	Parker et al[22], 1999	Lahore	ELISA	538	1.30
	Hyder et al[23], 2001	Lahore	ELISA	171	0.58
	Jafri et al[24], 2006	Karachi	ELISA	3533	1.60
	Aziz et al[25], 2007	Karachi	EIA	380	1.40
Recruitment	Ali et al[26], 2002	Rawalpindi	ICT	5371	3.29
	Zakaria et al[27], 2003	Karachi	ICT-ELISA	966	2.20
	Masood et al[28], 2005	Lahore	ELISA	4552	4
	Mirza et al[29], 2006	Mardan	ELISA	15 550	3.69
	Sharif et al[30], 2006	Risalpur	ELISA	2558	3.40
	Alam et al[31], 2006	Sargodha	unknown	2038	4.41
Pregnant women	Zafar et al[33], 2001	Lahore	PCR	300	4
	Khokhar et al[34], 2004	Islamabad	ELISA	503	4.80
	Jaffery et al[35], 2005	Islamabad	ELISA,PCR	947	3.27
	Yousfani et al[36], 2006	Hyderabad	ICT, ELISA	103	16.50
Blood donors	Mujeeb et al[37], 1996	Karachi	EIA	839	2.40
	Bhatti et al[38], 1996	Rawalpindi	EIA	760	4.80
	Mujeeb et al[39], 2000	Karachi	ELISA	7047	2.40
	Ali et al[40], 2003	Quetta	ELISA	1500	1.87
	Asif et al[41], 2004	Islamabad	MEIA	3430	5.14
	Ahmad et al[42], 2004	Peshawar	MEIA	4000	2.20
	Zaidi et al[43], 2004	Peshawar	ELISA	49 037	2.60
	Chaudry et al[44], 2005	Lahore	ELISA	890	6.06
	Abdul Mujeeb et al[45], 2006	Karachi	ELISA	7325	3.60
	Chaudhary et al[17], 2007	Rawalpindi	MEIA	1428	2.52
	Sultan et al[46], 2007	Different Areas	EIA	41 498	4.99
	Khattak et al[47], 2008	Different Areas	ELISA	103 858	4
IDU	Kuo et al[52], 2006	Lahore	ELISA	351	88
	Achakzai et al[53], 2007	Quetta	ELISA	50	60
	Altaf et al[54], 2009	Karachi	ELISA	161	94
	Platt et al[55], 2009	Abbottabad	ELISA	102	8
	Platt et al[55], 2009	Rawalpindi	ELISA	302	17.30
Thalassemic	Bhatti et al[58], 1995	Rawalpindi	ELISA	35	60
	Muhammad et al[59], 2003	Peshawar	ELISA	80	36
	Shah et al[60], 2005	NWFP	ELISA	250	57
	Hussain et al[61], 2008	Islamabad/Peshawar	ELISA	180	41.70
Hemophilia	Hussain et al[62], 2003	Peshawar	ELISA	40	25
	Malik et al[57], 2006	Lahore	ELISA	100	56
Health care workers	Mujeeb et al[64], 1998	Karachi	EIA	114	4.40
	Aziz et al[65], 2002	Karachi	ELISA	250	5.60
Sexual/spousal	Irfan et al[70], 2004	Islamabad	PCR	23	4.30
	Kumar et al[71], 2004	Karachi	MEIA	50	18
	Khokher et al[72], 2005	Islamabad	ELISA	227	4.40
	Qureshi et al[73], 2007	Karachi	EIA/PCR	153	38

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RIBA: Recombinant strip immunosorbent assay; ICT: Immunochromatographic test; ELISA: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; MEIA: Micro-enzyme immunoassay; EIA: Enzyme immunoassay; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.