Overlay of a sponge soaked with ropivacaine and multisite infiltration analgesia result in faster recovery after laparoscopic hepatectomy

Figure 1 Visual analog scale scores for pain at rest and pain on movement, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate during the first 48 h after surgery. A: Visual analog scale score at rest; B: Visual analog scale score on movement; C: Mean arterial pressure; D: Heart rate. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.0001. VAS: Visual analog scale; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate.

Figure 2 The levels of stress hormones, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol, and cumulative sufentanil consumption during the first 48 h after the operation. A: Epinephrine; B: Norepinephrine; C: Cortisol; D: Cumulative sufentanil consumption. ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.0001.

Figure 3 The process of research, including the enrollment and allocation of patients as well as the collection and analysis of data.