Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas with systemic metastasis: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare neoplasm of intermediate biological potential. So far, only 22 cases have been reported since 1999. All the cases, except one, exhibited benign features. Here, we report the first case of malignant pancreatic SFT with typical Doege-Potter syndrome, along with the clinical and pathologic evidence of its systemic metastasis.

CASE SUMMARY

The patient was a 48-year-old man with a 1-year history of pancreatic and liver masses and refractory hypoglycemia. Increased uptake of the tracer fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was found in the liver and bones by fluorine-18 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography. After multidisciplinary discussion, a distal pancreatectomy procedure was performed, and histological examination showed a lesion composed of abundant heterogeneous spindle cells with localized necrosis. On immunohistochemistry evaluation, STAT6 was found to be diffusely expressed in the tumor. Based on the overall evidence, the patient was diagnosed with malignant pancreatic SFT with liver and bone metastases.

CONCLUSION

The diagnosis of malignant SFT requires comprehensive evidence including clinical, immunohistochemistry, and histological features. This case may be presented as a reference for diagnoses and management of malignant pancreatic SFTs with systemic metastasis.

Key Words: Solitary fibrous tumor, Pancreas, Malignant, Doege-Potter syndrome, Case report

Core tip: Solitary fibrous tumor is now considered as a fibroblastic mesenchymal neoplasm of intermediate biological potential, and it rarely occurs in the pancreas. Here, we report a case of malignant pancreatic solitary fibrous tumor with systemic metastasis, review the literature, and discuss its biological features, diagnosis, and prognosis evaluations.

INTRODUCTION

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), first described in 1870, was established as a pleural neoplasm by Klemperer and Rabin in 1931[1]. This tumor is commonly found in serosal membranes, the dura of the meninges, and deep soft tissues. It is now recognized as a type of fibroblastic mesenchymal neoplasm of intermediate biological potential characterized by the pathognomonic NAB2-STAT6 gene fusion[2]. Only a few reports on malignant pancreatic SFT have been previously published. We present herein the first case of malignant pancreatic SFT with typical Doege-Potter syndrome and, hepatic and bone metastases.

CASE PRESENTATION

Primary complaints

A 48-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with 1-year history of pancreatic and liver tumors. The tumors were accidentally found when the patient went to a local hospital after a sudden incidence of fainting. It is noteworthy that he reported of recurrent incidences of hypoglycemia, however, there was no history of any endocrine disease.

History of past illness

His medical history showed that he had been treated eight times for metastatic liver tumor by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and once by radioactive seed implantation. Five years before presentation, he had undergone an excision of a tumor of the right pterygopalatine fossa.

Physical examination

Physical examination showed no other positive findings except that the liver was enlarged and palpable.

Laboratory and imaging examinations

Laboratory investigations showed an abnormal hemogram, including hemoglobin of 123 g/L (reference range: 131-172 g/L), neutrophils 72.8% (reference range: 50%-70%) and lymphocytes 10.8% (reference range: 20%-40%). The results of liver and kidney function were normal. The levels of serum tumor markers (CEA, CA 19-9, CA 12-5, and AFP) were all within normal limits.

Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the abdomen showed a 4.7 cm well-defined mass located in the lower posterior part of the body of the pancreas (Figure 1A). Non-uniform enhancement was observed from the arterial to portal venous phase. Meanwhile, multiple nodules and masses of various sizes were seen in the liver (Figure 1B). The largest one was located in the segment VIII of the liver with a diameter of about 15.9 cm. No obvious dilatation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts was observed.

Figure 1 Computed tomography imaging of the abdomen. A: A 4.7 cm × 4.4 cm mass (white arrow) located in the body of pancreas. Non-uniform enhancement was observed from the arterial phase [computed tomography (CT) value = 68 Hu] to portal venous phase (CT value = 59 Hu); B: Numerous liver metastatic tumors (white arrows). Enhanced scanning showed irregular enhancement and the largest one located in segment VIII measured 15.9 cm.

Pancreatic magnetic resonance (MR) imagining also confirmed a hypervascular tumor located in the body of the pancreas and multiple tumors located in the liver. Those tumors were hypointense on T1-weighted MR images and hyperintense on T2-weighted MR images.

For a complete preoperative evaluation, fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) was performed. Images from the PET/CT revealed that both the pancreatic and the metastatic liver lesions had an increased uptake of the tracer FDG. Besides, the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, humerus, femur, scapulae, ribs, sacrum, and pelvis also showed heterogeneous FDG uptake (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Systemic fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan revealed an increased uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose in the liver and heterogeneous fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in multiple bones.

Further diagnostic work-up

A liver biopsy guided by B-mode ultrasound confirmed that the tumor was an SFT/ hemangiopericytoma (Grade 2).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was eventually diagnosed with a malignant SFT of the pancreas with Doege-Potter syndrome and metastases to the liver and bone.

TREATMENT

In order to improve the quality of life of the patient and control the growth of the mass, a distal pancreatectomy, involving the body and tail and splenectomy, was performed after a multidisciplinary discussion, and the metastatic neoplasm in the left lateral lobe of the liver was also resected.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

On gross examination, the pancreatic specimen measured 15 cm × 6 cm × 2 cm, which contained two well-circumscribed non-encapsulated masses. The larger lesion measuring 6.5 cm × 5 cm, had a soft fleshy cut surface containing hemorrhagic and necrotic areas (Figure 3A). Another metastatic lesion located in the left lobe of the liver measured 14 cm × 12 cm × 4 cm with a pale-yellow cut surface (Figure 3B). All the resection margins were free of tumor. On histopathological examination, it was found that the tumor was composed of abundant heterogeneous spindle cells (Figure 4A). A localized area of necrosis (Figure 4B) was visualized and there were 4-5 mitotic figures (Figure 4C) per 10 high-power fields (HPFs). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of the resected tumor revealed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive for STAT6 (Figure 4D), CD34, CD31, Bcl-2, cell proliferation marker Ki-67, PHH-3, and D2-40, and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100, smooth muscle actin (SMA), Desmin, delay of germination 1, CD117, and receptor tyrosine kinase. The proliferation index of Ki-67 was observed to be above 10%. The patient’s postoperative recovery was uneventful. Furthermore, a transcatheter arterial chemoembolization procedure was also performed to eliminate the residual tumor of the right liver, and postoperative follow-up at 6 mo demonstrated good results (Figure 5).

Figure 3 Photographs of cut surface of surgical specimens. A: A soft mass located in the body of pancreas. Hemorrhage and necrosis changes can be seen in the cut surface; B: The pale-yellow cut surface of the hepatic metastasis.

Figure 4 Photomicrographs of histologic and immunohistochemical staining. A: Various atypical spindled cells irregularly arranged in the stroma [hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; magnification: ×50]; B: Histologic demonstration of mitotic activity (HE staining; magnification: ×200); C: Presence of necrosis (HE staining; magnification: ×100); D: Immunohistochemical staining for STAT6 showed diffused positivity in tumor cells (magnification: ×100).

Figure 5 Timeline. A brief summary of the patient’s medical history is presented. TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

DISCUSSION

SFTs are now considered to occur anywhere in the body, but the pancreatic fibrous tumor is still rarely recorded in the literature: only 22 cases have been reported since 1999 (Table 1). The vast majority of the cases presented with benign features, and only one case was defined as being malignant, based on its histological features[3]. The case we present here, to our knowledge, is the first malignant pancreatic SFT with clinical and pathological evidence of liver and bone metastases.

Table 1 Clinical features of pancreatic solitary fibrous tumors.

Ref.	Age/Sex	Chief complaint(s)	Size (cm)	Location	Arterial-CT	Venous-CT	T1-MRI	T2-MRI	Tumor marker
Lüttges et al[13]	50/female	Incidental	5.5	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Chatti et al[14]	41/male	Abdominal pain	13.0	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Gardini et al[15]	62/female	Abdominal pain	3.0	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Miyamoto et al[10]	41/female	Abdominal pain	2.0	Head-body	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Kwon et al[16]	54/male	Incidental	4.5	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Srinivasan et al[17]	78/female	Back pain, weight loss	5.0	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Chetty et al[18]	67/female	Incidental	2.6	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Ishiwatari et al[19]	58/female	Incidental	3.0	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Sugawara et al[20]	55/female	Incidental	7.0	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Azadi et al[6]	57/male	Incidental	3.1	Tail	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense
Santos et al[21]	40/male	Incidental	3.0	Body	NA	NA	NA	NA	Negative
Tasdemir et al[11]	24/female	Epigastric pain	18.5	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
van der Vorst et al[22]	67/female	Abdominal pain	2.8	Head	Enhanced	NA	NA	NA	Negative
Chen et al[23]	49/female	Abdominal pain	13.0	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	NA	NA	Negative
Hwang et al[24]	53/female	Incidental	5.2	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Baxter et al[25]	54/female	Abdominal pain	3.5	Head	NA	N.A	NA	NA	CEA, CA19-9
Estrella et al[3]	52/female	Obstructive jaundice	15.0	Head	Hetero-geneous	Hetero-geneous	NA	NA	Negative
Han et al[26]	77/female	Jaundice	1.5	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Murakami et al[27]	82/male	Hypokalemia, hypertension, edema	6.0	Tail	Hetero-geneous	Hetero-geneous	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Paramythiotis et al[28]	55/male	Abdominal pain	3.6	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Spasevska et al[29]	47/male	Epigastric pain and jaundice	3.5	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	N.A	N.A	CA19-9
Oana et al[30]	73/male	Abdominal discomfort	7.5	Head	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative
Current case	48/male	Hypoglyce-mia	6.5	Body	Enhanced	Enhanced	Hypointense	Hyperintense	Negative

CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NA: Not applicable.

Until now, there is no one comprehensive definition of malignant SFTs. According to the previous literature, abdominal pain is the most common presentation of clinical syndrome in a pancreatic SFT (10/22 cases, 45.45%), followed by an incidental abdominal mass (8/22 cases, 36.36%) and obstructive jaundice. Infrequently, patients may present with paraneoplastic syndromes. The clinical manifestations were commonly refractory and recurrent hypoglycemia, which is the main clinical characteristic of Doege-Potter syndrome. Increased secretion of a pro-hormone form of the insulin-like growth factor II has been confirmed to be the primary mechanism of hypoglycemia according to a study[4]. Han et al[5] reported that SFTs with Doege-Potter syndrome were often malignant. Our case showed typical features of Doege-Potter syndrome at the onset of disease and also the malignant features. However, these symptoms were non-specific.

Radiologically, homogeneous enhancement of the lesion in the arterial phase to portal venous phase on CT as well as low T1 signal intensity and high T2 signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging can be observed in most of the cases[2]. The non-typical feature makes it difficult to distinguish SFTs from the other soft tissue tumors[6]. Particularly, it was reported that a malignant and larger tumor may present with hemorrhage, calcifications, cystic areas and so on[2]. A non-uniform enhancement was observed in the image examinations of our case that showed similar features.

Furthermore, although a higher FDG uptake on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT may be a sign of a malignant SFT, the diagnostic utility is still debatable due to its imperfect sensitivity[7]. However, in our case, the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was useful in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant SFTs and evaluation of clinical significance. Thus, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT examination is still a recommendation for the full evaluation of suspicious malignant tumors.

Recently, the NAB2-STAT6 fusion gene was found to express a unique molecular feature in 100% of SFT cases[8]. Thus, compared with other conventional IHC markers like CD34, STAT6 has been proved to be more sensitive (98%) and specific (85%) for SFT. Furthermore, a previous study reported that a higher risk of SFT aggressive behavior may be associated with specific NAB2-STAT6 fusion variants[9], which could be a biomarker for identifying the distinct molecular feature of malignant SFTs.

For pathologic features, grossly, the pancreatic SFTs range from 2.0-18.5 cm in diameter[10,11]. Tumors are usually well-circumscribed with a fibrous pseudocapsule. The cut surface may show a wide range of patterns from firm, white to tan, and fleshy mass with hemorrhage, necrosis, or calcification usually presented in large or malignant cases[2]. Histologically, a typical “patternless pattern”, i.e., various atypical spindled cells arrayed randomly within the stroma, can be seen in most cases (Table 2). People have defined malignant SFTs based upon its special histologic features: ≥ 4 mitotic figures per 10 HPFs, necrosis or hemorrhage, increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and a large size (> 10 cm). The histological results of our case meet these criteria and show high-grade malignant manifestations. However, a poor correlation with patients outcomes[12] has been seen as low validity in predicting the biological features of SFTs. Therefore, pathologists treat SFT as a neoplasm of intermediate biological potential. Furthermore, complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for pancreatic SFTs and good results were reported (Table 2). Unfortunately, almost no information has been provided concerning systemic treatments for malignant pancreatic SFTs. For this reason, a multidisciplinary discussion, especially with the participation of pathologists, is recommended before initiation of treatment procedures for patients with an advanced stage of the disease.

Table 2 Immunohistochemical and histological features along with outcomes of pancreatic solitary fibrous tumors.

Ref.	Immuno-histochemistry (+)	Histology	Risk assessment	Treatment	Follow-up
Lüttges et al[13]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, vimentin	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Distal pancreatectomy	Alive and well (20 mo)
Chatti et al[14]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, vimentin	“Regular spindle cells”	Benign	Enucleation	Died 3 d postoperatively due to complications
Gardini et al[15]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (focal)	NA	Benign	Traverso-longmire	Alive and well (16 mo)
Miyamoto et al[10]	CD34, Bcl-2	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Laparoscopic enucleation	Alive and well (7 mo)
Kwon et al[16]	CD34, CD99, vimentin	“Typical bland spindle cells”	Benign	Median segmentectomy	NA
Srinivasan et al[17]	CD34, Bcl-2	< 1 mitoses/10 HPFs, no necrosis	Benign	Distal pancreatectomy	Alive and well (7 mo)
Chetty et al[18]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Whipple	Alive and well (6 mo)
Ishiwatari et al[19]	CD34, Bcl-2	Necrosis, no mitoses	Benign	Pancreaticoduodenectomy	Alive and well (42 mo)
Sugawara et al[20]	CD34	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Pancreaticoduoden-ectomy	NA
Azadi et al[6]	CD34, Bcl-2, Ki67 < 5%	No malignant features	Benign	Distal pancreatectomy	NA
Santos et al[21]	CD34, beta-catenin	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Partial pancreatectomy	NA
Tasdemir et al[11]	CD34, Bcl-2, beta-catenin, vimentin, Ki67 < 2%	1-2 mitoses/10 HPFs	Benign	Enucleation	Alive and well (3 mo)
van der Vorst et al[22]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Enucleation	NA
Chen et al[23]	CD34, Bcl-2, vimentin, CD68, muscle-specific actin	Necrosis, no mitoses	Benign	Whipple	Alive and well (30 mo)
Hwang et al[24]	CD34, Bcl-2, muscle-specific actin, CD10, ER, PR	“Spindle shaped cell with patternless cell deposition”	Benign	Duodenal preserving partial pancreatic head resection	Alive and well (30 mo)
Baxter et al[25]	CD34, Bcl-2	NA	Benign	Whipple	NA
Estrella et al[3]	CD34, Bcl-2, keratin (rare), p16, p53	Nuclear atypia, 17 mitoses/10 HPFs, necrosis	Malignant	Pancreaticoduoden-ectomy	Alive and well (40 mo)
Han et al[26]	CD34, CD99	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Ultrasonography-guided needle biopsy	No metastasis or changes in the size after 10 mo
Murakami et al[27]	CD34, Bcl-2, STAT6, ACTH (focal), POMC (focal), NSE (focal)	“Spindle neoplastic cells in fascicular arrangement”	Benign	Distal pancreatectomy	Died 4 mo postoperatively due to sepsis
Paramythiotis et al[28]	CD34, CD99, Bcl-2, vimentin, S100 (focal)	No mitoses	Benign	Distal pancreatectomy	Alive and well (40 mo)
Spasevska et al[29]	CD34, vimentin, CD99, Bcl-2 (focal), nuclear beta-catenin (focal)	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Whipple	Died 1 wk postoperatively due to complications
Oana et al[30]	CD34, Bcl-2	No necrosis or mitoses	Benign	Partial pancreatectomy	Alive and well (36 mo)
Current case	CD34, Bcl-2, STAT6, CD31, PHH-3, D2-40 and Ki67 > 10%	Necrosis, 4-5 mitoses/10 HPFs	Malignant	Distal pancreatectomy and hepatic tumor resection	Alive and well (6 mo)

NA: Not applicable.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we present a malignant pancreatic SFT with systemic metastasis and typical Doege-Potter syndrome features. The diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of malignant SFTs rely on more accurate criteria combined with clinical, IHC, and histological evidence. Furthermore, prospective studies are needed to provide greater evidence about the systemic management of malignant pancreatic SFTs.