Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in an elderly COVID-19 patient: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is more common in young adults, usually caused by external factors like trauma. It causes symptoms such as chest pain or dyspnea, but it is rare to see elderly patients who develop SPM. Here we report the case of an elderly patient diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who neither got mechanical ventilation nor had chest trauma but were found to develop SPM for unknown reason.

CASE SUMMARY

A 62-year-old man complained of a 14-d history of fever accompanied by dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting. Real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19. The patient was treated with supplementary oxygen by nasal cannula and gamma globulin. Other symptomatic treatments included antibacterial and antiviral treatments. On day 4 of hospitalization, he reported sudden onset of dyspnea. On day 6, he was somnolent. On day 12, the patient reported worsening right-sided chest pain which eventually progressed to bilateral chest pain. He was diagnosed with SPM, with no clear trigger found. Conservative treatment was administrated. During follow-up, the pneumomediastinum had resolved and the patient recovered without other complications.

CONCLUSION

We presume that aging lung changes and bronchopulmonary infection play an important part in the onset of SPM in COVID-19, but severe acute respiratory syndrome may represent a separate pathophysiologic mechanism for pneumomediastinum. Although the incidence of SPM in elderly patients is low, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of SPM in those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 for life-threatening complications such as cardiorespiratory arrest may occur.

Key Words: Aging, Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, COVID-19, SARS, Case report

Core tip: The occurrence of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in coronavirus disease 2019 patients shows an ominous sign and should be taken into consideration even the patient’s age does not fit the stereotype of pneumomediastinum patients. The aging lung changes and bronchopulmonary infection can be the causes.

INTRODUCTION

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is defined as the presence of interstitial air in the mediastinum that occurs without external factors such as blunt trauma or mechanical ventilation. The immediate pathophysiology can be explained by the Macklin effect, wherein an increased intrathoracic pressure results in the rupture of terminal alveoli and dissection of air along the tracheobronchial tree[1]. Precipitating factors include asthma, intense physical activity, and Valsalva manoeuvres (coughing, sneezing, and vomiting)[2]. The primary symptoms include chest pain with radiation to the back or neck, dysphonia, dyspnea, but sometimes can also be subtle. Other etiologies requiring differential diagnosis typically include cardiac tamponade, dissecting aortic aneurysm, and pulmonary embolism[3]. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for the diagnosis as the anatomical visualization of the free air is evident on cross-sectional imaging[4]. Since pneumomediastinum itself is a self-limiting disease, in most conditions, it can resolve with conservative management such as analgesia, rest, and oxygen therapy.

However, things can be totally different when encountering coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This highly contagious viral pneumonia, which can eventually lead to respiratory failure, has currently caused a worldwide panic. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment strategies for these patients should be more careful. Interestingly, we identified an elderly patient who developed SPM during his course. SPM was predominantly seen in young men, pregnant women, or those with a history of asthma[5], not the elderly group. Here we report such case and give possible explanations from the geriatrics perspective.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 62-year-old man presented with a 14-d history of fever.

History of present illness

He had a 14-d history of fever accompanied by dry cough, wheezing, nausea, and vomiting. His symptoms were exacerbated by exertion but the cause of the above symptoms was unknown. He seemed uncomfortable and anxious at the time of presentation. On day 4 of hospitalization, the patient reported sudden onset of dyspnea. On day 6, the patient was somnolent, and methylprednisolone was given. On day 12, the patient reported worsening right-sided chest pain, which eventually progressed to bilateral chest pain, and he was diagnosed with SPM with no clear trigger.

History of past illness

His past medical history included bronchitis and allergies to penicillin and cephalosporin.

Personal and family history

The patient had no remarkable personal and family history.

Physical examination

At the time of admission, the patient’s vital sign parameters included a blood pressure of 110/65 mmHg, heart rate of 84 beats per minute, temperature of 39 ˚C, and blood oxygen saturation of 95%. Coarse breath sounds were heard in bilateral lungs.

Laboratory examinations

At the time of admission, real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Imaging examinations

Initial chest CT showed multiple ground-glass opacities with interlobular septal thickening at the time of his admission. On day 12, after he complained of worsening chest pain, chest CT showed parenchymal consolidation and scattered pneumomediastinum (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Computed tomography image of the patient. The image obtained from the patient with worsening chest pain 25 d after symptom onset shows spontaneous pneumomediastinum (arrow).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 complicated with SPM.

TREATMENT

The patient was treated with supplementary oxygen by nasal cannula (10 L/min) and gamma globulin 10 g/d. Other symptomatic treatments included antibacterial and antiviral treatments at the time of admission. Hexadecadrol 10 mg/d, doxofylline 0.2 g/d, and nikethamide were administered along with oxygen by non-rebreather mask at 10 L/min after the patient complained of sudden onset of dyspnea on day 4 of hospitalization, and methylprednisolone 20 mg/d was given after the patient developed somnolence. Conservative treatments were administrated for the sudden onset of SPM on day 12 (Table 1).

Table 1 Timeline of the patient’s disease course.

	February 2	February 5	February 7	February 13
Symptoms	Fever, cough, wheezing, nausea, womiting	Dyspnea	Somnolence	Worsening chest pain
Treatments	Supplementary oxygen, gamma globulin, antibacterial and antiviral treatments	Hexadecadrol,doxofylline, and nikethamide were added	Methylprednisolone was added	Conservative treatments
Chest CT	Multiple ground glass opacities with interlobular septal thickening			Parenchymal consolidation, scattered pneumomediastinum

CT: Computed tomography.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

During follow-up, the pneumomediastinum had resolved and the patient recovered without other complications.

DISCUSSION

SPM is more common in young patients, especially in those who do intensive sports or have a medical history of asthma. Our patient is elderly and his age did not fit the stereotype of pneumomediastinum patients. He neither received mechanical ventilation nor had chest trauma, so the underlying mechanism deserves consideration. Although it is still unclear why he developed SPM, we have several speculations that may explain this phenomenon.

For elderly patients, the association between aging and the respiratory system should be considered first. Lung function decreases with age, and the decreased lung elastic recoil and increased residual volume in alveoli may contribute to the pressure gradient that results in rupture[6]. On the basis of aging lung changes, broncho-pulmonary infection is also a risk factor for we have found several papers that have also reported pneumomediastinum in conjunction with other pulmonary infections. Pneumomediastinum can be found in patients with AIDS presenting with community-acquired pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jirovecii[7]. Separately, Hasegawa et al[8] showed two children infected with the flu virus of H1N1 who developed SPM. Another elderly patient diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) presenting as recurrent chest pain and reversible electrocardiography changes was also found to develop pneumomediastinum though she had weaned from ventilatory support[9]. Autopsy results from COVID-19 patients commonly show bilateral, diffuse alveolar damage and interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates[10], suggesting the effect of infection. In addition to the damage caused by infection, the increase in intrathoracic pressure caused by coughing and vomiting during the course of viral pneumonia may also have a role in the development of SPM .

It is worth mentioning that though SARS shares great similarities in clinical symptoms to COVID-19 and its pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) also belongs to the coronaviridae family, the incidence of SPM among patients with SARS was significantly higher (11.6%), as revealed by a study in Hong Kong[11], suggesting a separate pathophysiologic mechanism for pneumomediastinum. In the context of pathogenic mechanisms, SARS-CoV-2 has been found to have a lower pathogenicity than SARS-CoV due to the different efficiency of using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors and the mutation of proteins[12], which may help to explain the different ratios of developing SPM.

Typically, pneumomediastinum is considered to be a treatable entity. However, the aging respiratory system is more fragile when facing diseases. Pneumomediastinum mimicking acute coronary syndrome would be misdiagnosed without imaging examination. The occurrence of SPM shows an ominous sign that the pneumonia may get worse. For elderly patients, SPM may be missed for some of them can just show subtle clinical findings including sore throat or neck pain. But if treated inappropriately, life-threatening complications such as tension pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax can occur, which finally leads to cardiorespiratory arrest[13]. As COVID-19 has become a worldwide pandemic, there is growing evidence about clinical presentation of this disease: Spontaneous pneumothorax had also been identified to be possible extrapulmonary complications in addition to pneumome-diastinum[14]. In individuals with co-morbid diseases, rupture typically indicates a poor prognosis. As such, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of SPM when treating elderly patients with COVID-19 complaining of chest discomfort such as pain, voice change, or dyspnea even though their ages do not fit the stereotype of SPM patients. Chest radiography or CT should be utilized immediately to investigate the suspected diagnosis. Pneumomediastinum itself is a self-limiting disease, and in most conditions it resolves with conservative management such as analgesia, rest, and oxygen therapy. But for elderly patients, hospitalization and aggressive approach should be taken into consideration if necessary.

CONCLUSION

Though rare, SPM still should be considered in elderly patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 for their cardio-pulmonary function is weaker than that of young adults.