Perioperative and long-term results of ultrasonography-guided single- and multiple-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes, n (%)

Parameters	S-PCNL (n = 186)	M-PCNL (n = 159)	P value
The stone free rate (SFR)
1 month (yes)	186 (100)	159 (100)	-
3 months (yes)	164 (88.17)	138 (86.79)	0.699
6 months (yes)	126 (67.74)	124 (77.98)	0.033
Complication
Pelvicalyceal system perforation or persistent leakage of urine	10 (5.37)	13 (8.17)	0.242
Transfusion needed because of bleeding	7 (3.76)	11 (6.91)	0.189
Hydrothorax	4 (2.15)	11 (6.91)	0.030
Urosepsis	4 (2.15)	5 (3.14)	0.563
Fever	26 (14.05)	29 (18.23)	0.281
Renal hemorrhage	5 (2.70)	4 (3.77)	0.920
Urinary damage	8 (4.32)	7 (6.28)	0.963
Postoperative infection	3 (1.62)	11 (3.77)	0.012

S-PNCL: Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; M-PNCL: Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy.