Published online Sep 26, 2013. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v3.i3.27
Revised: July 16, 2013
Accepted: August 16, 2013
Published online: September 26, 2013
AIM: To develop a method for studying myocardial area at risk (AAR) in ischemic heart disease in correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI).
METHODS: Nine rabbits were anesthetized, intubated and subjected to occlusion and reperfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) to induce myocardial infarction (MI). ECG-triggered cMRI with delayed enhancement was performed at 3.0 T. After euthanasia, the heart was excised with the LCx re-ligated. Bifunctional staining was performed by perfusing the aorta with a homemade red-iodized-oil (RIO) dye. The heart was then agar-embedded for ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging and sliced into 3 mm-sections. The AAR was defined by RIO-staining and digital radiography (DR). The perfusion density rate (PDR) was derived from DR for the AAR and normal myocardium. The MI was measured by in vivo delayed enhancement (iDE) and ex vivo delayed enhancement (eDE) cMRI. The AAR and MI were compared to validate the bifunctional straining for cardiac imaging research. Linear regression with Bland-Altman agreement, one way-ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison, and paired t tests were applied for statistics.
RESULTS: All rabbits tolerated well the surgical procedure and subsequent cMRI sessions. The open-chest occlusion and close-chest reperfusion of the LCx, double suture method and bifunctional staining were successfully applied in all animals. The percentage MI volumes globally (n = 6) and by slice (n = 25) were 36.59% ± 13.68% and 32.88% ± 12.38% on iDE, and 35.41% ± 12.25% and 32.40% ± 12.34% on eDE. There were no significant differences for MI determination with excellent linear regression correspondence (rglobal = 0.89; rslice = 0.9) between iDE and eDE. The percentage AAR volumes globally (n = 6) and by slice (n = 25) were 44.82% ± 15.18% and 40.04% ± 13.64% with RIO-staining, and 44.74% ± 15.98% and 40.48% ± 13.26% by DR showing high correlation in linear regression analysis (rglobal = 0.99; rslice = 1.0). The mean differences of the two AAR measurements on Bland-Altman were almost zero, indicating RIO-staining and DR were essentially equivalent or inter-replaceable. The AAR was significantly larger than MI both globally and slice-by-slice (P < 0.01). After correction with the background and the blank heart without bifunctional staining (n = 3), the PDR for the AAR and normal myocardium was 32% ± 15% and 35.5% ± 35%, respectively, which is significantly different (P < 0.001), suggesting that blood perfusion to the AAR probably by collateral circulation was only less than 10% of that in the normal myocardium.
CONCLUSION: The myocardial area at risk in ischemic heart disease could be accurately determined postmortem by this novel bifunctional staining, which may substantially contribute to translational cardiac imaging research.
Core tip: For developing therapeutic procedures/drugs aimed at modulating infarct size after coronary artery disease, it is important not only to measure myocardial infarction but also to know the extent of area at risk (AAR). However, determination of the AAR both in vivo and ex vivo can be challenging, and controversial. In this experiment we sought to develop a reliable method to accurately localize the culprit coronary occlusion for postmortem verification after in vivo cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and to establish a new bifunctional staining as a standard reference for ex vivo area at risk identification, which may substantially contribute to translational cardiac imaging research.