Psychological predictors of bipolarity in panic disorder

doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.242

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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Retrospective Study

World J Psychiatr. Jun 19, 2021; 11(6): 242-252
Published online Jun 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.242

Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinical features between panic disorder with bipolarity and panic disorder without bipolarity groups

	BP+	BP-	P value
Demographic features
Patients: n (%)	128 (50.4)	126 (49.6)
Marital status			0.008
Married: n (%)	32 (25.0)	53 (42.0)
Single: n (%)	72 (56.2)	56 (44.4)
Not answered: n (%)	24 (18.7)	17 (13.4)
Age (yr)	30.78 ± 0.59	37.11 ± 3.21	< 0.001
Gender (M/F, %)	73/55 (57)	63/63 (50)	0.261
Illness history
Psychiatric history: n (%)	41 (32)	32 (25.4)	0.172
Family history: n (%)	18 (23.1)	22 (17.5)	0.960

Sex and employment status is expressed as n (number of patients, %). Other variables are expressed as mean ± SD. M: Meal; F: Female; BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP-: Panic disorder without bipolarity.

Table 2 Comparison of psychological test result between panic disorder with bipolarity and panic disorder without bipolarity groups

	BP+	BP-	Δ	P value
MMPI
Hs	62 (54, 69)	58 (51, 67.5)	4	0.047^a
D	67 (57, 77)	66 (54.75, 75)	1	0.149
Hy	60 (53.25, 66)	59 (53, 66)	1	0.391
Pd	61 (48, 67)	51 (44, 59)	10	< 0.001^b
Mf	52.5 (44.5, 60)	48.5 (39, 57)	4	0.029^a
Pa	58 (51, 71)	51 (46.5, 62)	7	< 0.001^b
Pt	65 (55, 76)	59 (49.5, 69)	6	0.001^b
Sc	62 (50, 74)	51 (44, 61)	11	< 0.001^b
Ma	53 (45.5, 60)	45 (40, 53)	8	< 0.001^b
Si	62 (51.5, 70)	59 (47, 67)	3	0.057
TCI
Novelty seeking	83 (47, 93.75)	47 (20.5, 74)	36	< 0.001^b
Harm avoidance	94 (76, 99)	89.5 (53.5, 99)	4.5	0.014^a
Reward dependence	38 (9, 70.75)	33.5 (10, 74)	4.5	0.711
Persistence	20 (6, 62)	18.5 (4, 59.75)	1.5	0.769
Self-directedness	6.5 (1, 22)	28 (4, 62)	21.5	< 0.001^b
Cooperativeness	22 (3, 52)	34 (13, 52.5)	12	0.022^a
Self-transcendence	38 (12.5, 67.25)	22.5 (5, 56)	15.5	0.001^b
BDI	31.5 (20.25, 41)	21 (11.75, 31)	10.5	< 0.001^b
STAI/state	63 (55.25, 70.75)	57 (44.75, 65.25)	6	< 0.001^b
STAI/trait	60.5 (53, 67)	51.5 (41.75, 59)	9	< 0.001^b
PDSS	13.5 (10, 19)	12.5 (8, 17)	1	0.082

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP-: Panic disorder without bipolarity; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale; Hs: Hypochondriasis; D: Depression; Hy: Hysteria; Pd: Psychopathic deviate; Mf: Masculinity-feminity; Pa: Paranoia; Pt: Psychasthenia; Sc: Schizophrenia; Ma: Hypomania; Si: Social introversion.

Table 3 Correlation analyses between Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire score and other measured variables

	R	P value
Age	-0.298	< 0.001^b
MMPI
Hs	0.144	0.022^a
D	0.146	0.020^a
Pd	0.340	< 0.001^b
Mf	0.147	0.019^a
Pa	0.389	< 0.001^b
Pt	0.294	< 0.001^b
Sc	0.405	< 0.001^b
Ma	0.455	< 0.001^b
Si	0.161	0.010^b
TCI
Novelty seeking	0.426	< 0.001^b
Harm avoidance	0.218	< 0.001^b
Reward dependence	0.017	0.788
Persistence	0.020	0.753
Self-directedness	-0.353	< 0.001^b
Cooperativeness	-0.163	0.009^b
Self-transcendence	0.286	< 0.001^b
BDI	0.404	< 0.001^b
STAI/state	0.314	< 0.001^b
STAI/trait	0.468	< 0.001^b
PDSS	0.171	0.006^b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. BP+: Panic disorder with bipolarity; BP: Panic disorder without bipolarity; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; PDSS: Panic Disorder Severity Scale; Hs: Hypochondriasis; D: Depression; Hy: Hysteria; Pd: Psychopathic deviate; Mf: Masculinity-feminity; Pa: Paranoia; Pt: Psychasthenia; Sc: Schizophrenia; Ma: Hypomania; Si: Social introversion.

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis showing the association of panic disorder with bipolarity group (Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire score ≥ 7) with clinical variables

	Odds ratio	P value	95%CI
Age	0.973	0.042^a	0.947-0.999
MMPI/D	0.963	0.027^a	0.932-0.996
MMPI/Ma	1.080	0.000^b	1.040-1.122
TCI/self directedness	0.980	0.013^a	0.965-0.996
STAI/trait	1.062	0.006^b	1.017-1.108

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; TCI: Temperament and Character Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; D: Depression; Ma: Hypomania; CI: Confidence interval.

Citation: Oh DH, Park DH, Ryu SH, Ha JH, Jeon HJ. Psychological predictors of bipolarity in panic disorder. World J Psychiatr 2021; 11(6): 242-252
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v11/i6/242.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.242