Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament: Physiology, rupture and reconstruction techniques

doi:10.5312/wjo.v7.i2.82

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World Journal of Orthopedics

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2218-5836

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Orthop. Feb 18, 2016; 7(2): 82-93
Published online Feb 18, 2016. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i2.82

Table 1 Biomechanical properties of tendons, grafts and fixation techniques

Subject	Maximum load to failure (N)	Stiffness (N/mm)	Ref.
Intact ACL (with femur and tibia)	2160 (± 157)	242 (± 28)	[45]
Two gracilis strands	1550 (± 369)	370 (± 108)	[69]
Two semitendinosus strands	2640 (± 320)	534 (± 76)	[69]
Four combined hamstring strands	4090 (± 295)	276 (± 204)	[69]
7 mm BPTB	2238 (± 316)	327 (± 58)	[67]
10 mm BPTB	2977 (± 516)	424/455 (± 57/67)	[67]
15 mm BPTB	4389 (± 708)	556 (± 67)	[67]
10 mm QTB	2353 (± 495)	621 (± 122)	[70]
Interference screw (BPTB)	683-863	76-80	[71]
Interference screw (hamstrings)	534-925	189-315	[68,72]
Endobutton (hamstrings)	520-1364	35-195	[68,73]
Interference screw and endobutton (hamstrings)	1290-1449	307-341	[68]

ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament; QTB: Quadriceps-tendon-bone; BPTB: Bone-patellar-tendon-bone.

Citation: Domnick C, Raschke MJ, Herbort M. Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament: Physiology, rupture and reconstruction techniques. World J Orthop 2016; 7(2): 82-93
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v7/i2/82.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v7.i2.82