Surgical treatment of an old avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity is a relatively clinically rare type of trauma that is mainly incurred by adolescents during competitive sports activities. According to previous literature, the most commonly involved sports are soccer, sprinting, and gymnastics, in descending order. Dance-induced avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus is extremely clinically rare.

CASE SUMMARY

A case of a neglected avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus was diagnosed in a young female dancer who complained of pain and restricted movement of her right hip. She stated that she had suffered the injury while performing a split leap during a dance performance 9 mo prior. Eventually, she underwent surgery and obtained satisfactory treatment results.

CONCLUSION

Early diagnosis of these fractures is important to ensuring early proper treatment towards a quicker recovery. For old fractures with nonunion and chronic buttock pain, surgery is a preferred therapeutic choice with good treatment outcomes.

Key Words: Ischial tuberosity, Ischial ramus, Avulsion fracture, Delayed diagnosis, Split-leap injury, Case report

Core Tip: Avulsion fracture of ischial tuberosity is a rare type of trauma, mainly incurred by adolescents during competitive sports activities. According to previous literature, the most commonly involved sports are soccer, sprinting, and gymnastics. Dance is rarely involved in these fractures. We here report a case of old avulsion fracture of ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus in a young female dancer. She suffered the injury while split-leaping during a dance performance 9 mo prior. Eventually she underwent surgery and obtained satisfactory treatment results. For fractures with nonunion and chronic buttock pain, surgery is a preferred therapeutic choice with good outcomes.

INTRODUCTION

Avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity are a clinically rare type of trauma and are mainly incurred by adolescents during sports activities[1]. A number of cases, including some cases of old fractures, have been reported in the literature[2-4]; however, few cases have been reported involving dance, and specifically split-leap injury. We here report a case of a neglected avulsion fracture of ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus in a young female dancer. She suffered the injury while split-leaping during a dance performance 9 mo before her presentation. Eventually, she underwent surgery and obtained satisfactory treatment results.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 17-year-old female dancer presented with pain and restricted movement of her right hip in the outpatient clinic of our hospital.

History of present illness

The patient reported that she sustained the right hip injury 9 mo previously while performing a split leap during a dance show. She felt a “pop” and subsequently experienced severe pain in the right hip, followed by difficulty walking. The patient thought that it was a muscle strain, so she rested at home without medical consultation. A month later, the pain had abated and she was able to walk, albeit with a slight limp. However, she was still unable to fully return to her dance training. The pain continued over 8 mo, especially when she was sitting for a long period of time or attempted to return to her dance training. Therefore, she visited a local hospital and a plain pelvic radiograph was taken, which demonstrated an old fracture of ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus. Thus, she was referred to our hospital for further treatment.

History of past illness

The patient had no medical history of past illness.

Personal and family history

The patient had no special personal and family history.

Physical examination

Upon physical examination, there was mild tenderness over the ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus. Pain was induced with flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the hip. The abduction and extension muscle strength of the affected right hip were diminished compared to those of the left hip.

Laboratory examinations

There were no abnormalities in the laboratory examinations.

Imaging examinations

The plain radiograph of the pelvis (Figure 1A) demonstrated an unhealed fracture of ischial tuberosity and partial ischial ramus. The fragment was displaced anterolaterally by approximately 2 cm. The computed tomography (CT) scan and the 3D reconstruction of the pelvis (Figure 1A and B) showed that the fracture fragment of the ischial tuberosity and partial ischial ramus measured 6.4 cm × 1.3 cm × 2.9 cm in size.

Figure 1 Imaging examinations photos. A: Plain X-ray film of the pelvis, revealing an unhealed avulsion fracture of ischial tuberosity and partial ischial ramus. The fragment is displaced anterolaterally by approximately 2 cm; B and C: Computed tomography scan and 3D reconstruction of the pelvis exhibiting a fracture nonunion of the ischial tuberosity and partial ischial ramus, with the fragment measuring 6.4 cm × 1.3 cm × 2.9 cm in size.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Based on the history and the physical examination and imaging investigation results, the patient was diagnosed with an old ununited avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity and partial ischial ramus.

TREATMENT

After the patient was informed as to the treatment options for the fracture, she communicated a strong preference for operative treatment for the fracture in her right hip. Soon after, she was admitted to the orthopedic ward and underwent surgery. During the procedure, the patient was posted in a lateral position with the hip and knee flexed at 90°. An 8-cm transverse incision was made along the gluteal crease. With the retraction of the gluteus muscles, the sciatic nerve was identified, and the fracture fragment of ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus was exposed (Figure 2A). Fibrous scar tissue was removed with a curet to freshen the ends of the fracture, and the fragment was restored to its original position. Four φ 1.2-mm Kirschner wires were utilized as guides (Figure 2B), along which four φ 4.0-mm cannulated compression screws with washers were screwed in to fix the fracture (Figure 2C). The tapering ischial ramus was tied using absorbable threads. C-arm fluoroscopy confirmed that the fracture was properly reduced and that the screws were an appropriate length and in appropriate position (Figure 2D). Postoperatively, the right hip was immobilized for 6 wk, and rehabilitation with hip abduction and flexion exercises was started thereafter.

Figure 2 The photos of treatment. A: The fracture was exposed and the fragment was seen anterolaterally displaced during the surgery; B: The fracture was temporarily fixed with Kirschner wires during the surgery; C: Four φ 4.0-mm cannulated compression screws were inserted to fix the fracture; D: C-arm fluoroscopy displayed that the fracture was properly reduced and the screws were an appropriate length and in appropriate position.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

At the 8-wk postoperative follow-up, the patient could stand and walk without any discomfort. She was instructed to start training to develop the full range of motion and muscle strength of the hip. At the 3-mo follow-up, her right hip showed rather good function, and the radiograph revealed that the fracture line was fuzzy; however, heterotopic ossification was seen surrounding the fracture (Figure 3A). At the 6-mo follow-up, hip function was well recovered and the flexion and extension strength of the affected hip was basically the same as that of the left hip, albeit the hip abduction strength was slightly weaker. The patient had taken up physical exercises such as playing badminton and could jump without any pain in her buttocks. The fracture was well healed according to the X-ray film without exacerbation of heterotopic ossification (Figure 3B). At the latest 16-mo follow-up, the patient reported no discomfort in daily activities and no pain while sitting for a long time, even when performing straddling with flexion and abduction of the hip in combination with extension of the knee. The fracture had fully healed according to the X-ray film (Figure 3C and D).

Figure 3 The results of outcome and follow-up. A: The radiograph revealed the fracture line was fuzzy, but heterotopic ossification occurred surrounding the fracture at the 3-mo follow-up after surgery; B: The X-ray film at the 6-mo follow-up after surgery revealed that the fracture healed well without exacerbation of heterotopic ossification; C and D: The X-ray film at the 16-mo follow-up after surgery revealed that the fracture had fully healed.

DISCUSSION

Avulsion fractures of ischial tuberosity almost always occur in adolescents, in whom the vulnerable unfused epiphysis can be easily avulsed with a sudden and forceful eccentric contraction of the hamstrings[5]. Avulsion fractures are usually incurred during competitive sports, such as soccer, sprinting, and gymnastics[6], when the affected leg is forced into hyperflexion of the hip with full extension of the knee[7]. Avulsion fractures sustained in the course of dancing are uncommon, because dancers often have higher flexibility than athletes who play other competitive sports that require greater strength[8,9]. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only three cases reported in the literature[2,9,10]. In the present case, the avulsion fracture of ischial tuberosity along with ischial ramus occurred while the patient was performing a split jump in a dance show. The anterolateral displacement of the fracture fragment implied that the injury resulted from the intense contraction of the hamstring and adduction muscles, and in the context of the abrupt flexion and abduction of the hip in combination with extension of the knee.

Nearly all avulsion fractures can be identified with standard pelvic X-rays[11]. Nevertheless, the aspecificity of reported symptoms and the lack of awareness of these injuries frequently result in them being misdiagnosed as muscular strains or tendinous tears[1,6]. CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans are useful for the differential diagnosis of avulsion fractures with no or minimal displacement from muscular or tendinous tears[12].

Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment of avulsion fractures of ischial tuberosity due to a lack of evidence-based management guidelines[13]. However, the degree of fragment displacement is generally an important factor to consider in the selection of treatment methods[14]. For fractures with no or minor displacement, conservative treatment is often adequate, but strict immobilization of the affected hip for a time period and proper or graded physical rehabilitation are essential[11]. However, strict immobilization of the affected hip is sometimes unacceptable or unattainable for some active patients, and improper movement of the hip may induce displacement of the fragment. Operative treatment is generally suggested for fractures with a displacement > 2 cm[11,15], or even > 1.5 cm in athletes and manual laborers to allow for a faster return to pre-injury activities[16,17]. Old fractures frequently present with symptoms including pain, muscle weakness, and nerve complications, and old fractures with radiological manifestations of nonunion always require surgery[3,4,18]. The presented fracture radiographically exhibited 2.0 cm of displacement and nonunion, and the patient did not achieve the expected level of healing after 9 mo of rest. Given the persistent pain and restricted motion of the hip, the patient opted for operative treatment. The surgery was performed in a lateral position, with the hip and the knee flexed at 90°, enabling passive movements of the joints and clear exposure of the ischial tuberosity during the operation[17]. In addition, a sub-gluteal transverse approach was selected for the surgery in consideration of the location, shape, and size of the fracture fragment. The transverse approach facilitates the exposure and reduction of the fracture and has cosmetical advantages.

The follow-up results with regards to function evaluation in the present case were satisfactory. The latest follow-up showed that the patient had no discomfort while carrying out daily activities and was able to take up moderate-intensity sports. Her hip abduction strength remained slightly weak, and as a result the patient decided to end her pre-injury career as a dancer, which she regretted.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity are relatively rare injuries and are usually incurred during high-intensity sports. Early diagnosis of these injuries, which can occur during sport activities, even including dancing, is important to ensure early proper treatment for a quicker recovery. For old fractures with nonunion and chronic buttock pain, surgery is the preferred therapeutic choice that can lead to good treatment outcomes.