Management and prevention of acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in athletic patient populations

Figure 1 Clinical image demonstrating proprioceptive training during physical therapy.

Figure 2 Anatomic repair of the lateral ligamentous complex[54]. Illustration demonstrating anatomic repair of chronic lateral ankle instability. A: Broström anatomic repair, demonstrating midsubstance imbrication and suture of the ruptured ligament ends; B: Gould modification augmented with the mobilized lateral portion of the extensor retinaculum; C: Karlsson modification, which involves anchoring the proximal ligament ends through drill holes.

Figure 3 Selected techniques for non-anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction[54]. Tenodesis reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability. A: Watson-Jones procedure; B: Evans procedure; C: Chrisman-Snook procedure.