Top ten causes of non-arthritic hip pain: A comprehensive review

Figure 1 Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. A: Cam deformity; B: Pincer deformity; C: Increased alpha angle > 60 degrees; D: Increased lateral center-edge angle > 40 degrees.

Figure 2 The illustration of hip syndromes. A: Internal snapping hip syndrome; B: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

Figure 3 Deep gluteal syndrome and ischiofemoral impingement. A: Deep gluteal syndrome anatomy; B: Endoscopic view showing edematous and flattened sciatic nerve due to fibrovascular entrapment in a patient with ischemic neuritis; C: Normal vascularization recovery after sciatic nerve neurolysis; D: Normal ischiofemoral space between the medial cortex of the lesser trochanter and lateral cortex of ischial tuberosity (> 20mm); E: Reduced ischiofemoral space signifying underlying ischiofemoral impingement. Figure 3A-C is reproduced from Hernando et al[68]. Copyright © 2015 by Springer Nature. Published by Springer Nature. The authors have obtained the permission for figure using (Supplementary material). SP: Sacral plexus; SN: Sciatic nerve; STL: Sacrotuberous ligament; P: Piriformis muscle; SG: Superior gemellus; OI: Obturator internus muscle; IG: Inferior gemellus muscle.