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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Orthop. Nov 18, 2019; 10(11): 378-386
Published online Nov 18, 2019. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v10.i11.378
Evaluating learning and change in orthopaedics: What is the evidence-base?
Epaminondas Markos Valsamis, Mohamed Sukeik
Epaminondas Markos Valsamis, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
Mohamed Sukeik, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital – Al Khobar, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Rd, Al Bandariyah, Al Khobar 34423, Saudi Arabia
Author contributions: Valsamis EM and Sukeik M contributed equally to this paper with regard to conception and design of the study, literature review and analysis, drafting, critical revision, editing and approval of the final version.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No potential conflicts of interest to declare. No financial support.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Mohamed Sukeik, MD (Hons), FRCSEd (Tr&Orth), PGA, MD (Res), Consultant Hip and Knee Surgeon, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital – Al Khobar, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Rd, Al Bandariyah, Al Khobar 34423, Saudi Arabia. m.sukeik@nhs.net
Telephone: +966-13-8711111
Received: March 11, 2019
Peer-review started: March 12, 2019
First decision: June 12, 2019
Revised: June 27, 2019
Accepted: September 5, 2019
Article in press: September 5, 2019
Published online: November 18, 2019
Core Tip

Core tip: Learning and change are integral to clinical governance. Despite orthopaedics being slow to embrace quality improvement, recent years have seen global improvements in the field. This review covers various aspects of learning and change including: proxies of learning, learning curve analysis, simulation, outcome measures, retrospective and prospective studies as well as time-series analysis. It summarises the current evidence-base and identifies research questions that remain unanswered.