Jain S, Bhardwaj S, Prasad A, Gholami SK, Kashyap N, Jain BP. Cardiovascular-oncogenic gene crosstalk in breast cancer: Survival, prognosis and therapeutic strategies. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(9): 122901 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.122901]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Buddhi Prakash Jain, PhD, Assistant Professor, Principal Investigator, Gene Expression and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Mgcub, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India. buddhiprakash@mgcub.ac.in
Research Domain of This Article
Oncology
Article-Type of This Article
review-article
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Smriti Jain, Nikita Kashyap, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattīsgarh, India
Shikha Bhardwaj, Buddhi Prakash Jain, Gene Expression and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India
Anamika Prasad, School of Embryology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Gurugram University, Gurugram 122001, Haryāna, India
Shadi Khadijeh Gholami, Division of Chiropractic, School of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
Co-first authors: Smriti Jain and Shikha Bhardwaj.
Co-corresponding authors: Nikita Kashyap and Buddhi Prakash Jain.
Author contributions: Jain S and Bhardwaj S contributed to writing - original draft, and they contributed equally to this manuscript as co-first authors; Kashyap N and Jain BP contributed to conceptualization and final editing, and they contributed equally to this manuscript as co-corresponding authors; Prasad A and Gholami SK contributed to writing - review and editing; Jain S, Bhardwaj S, and Jain BP contributed to revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
AI contribution statement: Grammarly was used for language editing and grammatical corrections.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Buddhi Prakash Jain, PhD, Assistant Professor, Principal Investigator, Gene Expression and Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Mgcub, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India. buddhiprakash@mgcub.ac.in
Received: May 15, 2026 Revised: July 26, 2026 Accepted: August 20, 2026 Published online: September 24, 2026 Processing time: 145 Days and 23.4 Hours
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, followed by the cancer. Cardio-oncology research focuses on the cardiovascular complications during cancer therapies, common genes and molecular pathways associated with both diseases, and also the influence of cardiovascular genes in cancer prognosis and survival. The review highlighted the association between cardiovascular-related genes in breast cancer prognosis and survival outcomes. Cardiovascular and oncogenic gene networks in breast cancer survival, progression, and therapeutic strategies have been discussed. Many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-β, released from malignant breast tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, contribute to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and various cardiovascular diseases. Different machine learning models have been developed to predict the CVD risk in breast cancer survival patients. Understanding crosstalk between cardiovascular-oncogenic gene networks and their association with common molecular pathways and signaling will be helpful for cancer therapeutics and a precision-medicine approach. In the future, breast cancer survival prediction models can be developed based on the differential expressed CVD genes in breast cancer patients.
Core Tip: The review based on cardio-oncology highlights the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and breast cancer associated gene network analysis, with significance of CVDs associated genes in breast cancer prognosis and therapeutics. Inflammatory cytokines and cellular signaling pathways interconnects both the diseases and increased cardiovascular risk in breast cancer patients. The review will be helpful to understand interconnection between these diseases and prediction of breast cancer survival based on differential expression of CVDs genes in future.
