Metabolic positron emission tomography imaging of cancer: Pairing lipid metabolism with glycolysis

Table 1 Results of PubMed query for clinical studies comparing ¹¹C-choline, fluorocholine, or ¹¹C-acetate over fluorodeoxy-D-glucose in 15 or more patients

Disease	Clinical role	First author	Publish year	No. of patients	Tracer(s) compared to FDG	Primary results
Prostate cancer	Diagnosis	Liu	2016	Meta-analysis 56 trials 3586 patients	11C-choline 18F-choline, 11C-acetate	18F-choline AUC 0.94, 95%CI: 0.92-0.96; 11C-choline AUC 0.89, 95%CI: 0.86-0.91; 11C-acetate AUC 0.78, 95%CI: 0.74-0.81; FDG AUC 0.73, 95%CI: 0.69-0.77
	Detection	Wata-nabe	2010	43	11C-choline	Sensitivity 73%, 88%, and 31% for 11C-choline, MRI, and FDG, respectively
	Re-staging	Richter	2010	73	11C-choline	Sensitivity was 60.6% for 11C-choline and 31% for FDG
Hepato-cellular carcioma	Detection, metastatic	Ho	2007	121	11C-acetate	Patient-based sensitivity for metastasis was 64% and 79% for 11C-cetate and FDG, respectively
	Detection, primary	Ho	2003	57	11C-acetate	Sensitivity was 87% and 47% for 11C-acetate and FDG respectively
	Detection, primary/metastatic	Park	2008	112	11C-acetate	Sensitivity was 75%, 61%, and 83% for 11C-acetate, FDG, and dual-tracer PET.CT, respectively
	Detection, primary	Larsson	2012	44	11C-acetate	Detection rate was 34/44 for 11C-acetate and 13/44 for FDG (P < 0.001)
	Detection, primary	Talbot	2010	81	18F-choline	Sensitivity was 88% for 18F-choline vs 68% for FDG
	Detection	Wu	2011	76	11C-choline	11C-choline PET was positive in 28 patients with negative FDG PET
	Diagnosis	Castilla-Lievre	2016	28	11C-choline	Sensitivity was 75%, 36%, and 93% for 11C-holine, FDG, and dual tracers, respectively
Malignant glioma	Diagnosis	Yama-moto	2008	15	11C-acetate, 11C-methi-onine	Sensitivity was 90%, 100%, and 40% for 11C-acetate, 11C-methionine, and FDG, respectively
	Re-staging	Tan	2011	55	11C-choline	Sensitivity/specificity was 92%/88%, 87%/81%, and 77%/63% for 11C-choline, MRI, and FDG, respectively
Nasopha-ryngeal cancer	Staging	Wu	2011	15	11C-choline	Sensitivity for detecting locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer was 100% vs 86% percent for 11C-choline and FDG, respectively
Multiple myeloma	Staging	Lin	2014	15	11C-acetate	Diffuse infiltration was detected in 100% of patients with 11C-acetate vs 40% with FDG
	Re-staging	Cassou-Mounat	2016	21	18F-choline	18F-fluorocholine detected 75% more lesions, and with higher intra-observer agreement than FDG (kappa score 0.89 vs 0.81)
Renal cell carcinoma	Diagnosis	Oyama	2014	29	11C-acetate	Detection rate was 72% for 11C-acetate vs 22% for FDG

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; FDG: Fluorodeoxy-D-glucose; PET: Positron emission tomography.