Functional assessment of transplanted kidneys with magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

Kidney transplantation has emerged as the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage renal disease, which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Given the shortage of clinically available donor kidneys and the significant incidence of allograft dysfunction, a noninvasive and accurate assessment of the allograft renal function is critical for postoperative management. Prompt diagnosis of graft dysfunction facilitates clinical intervention of kidneys with salvageable function. New advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology have enabled the calculation of various renal parameters that were previously not feasible to measure noninvasively. Diffusion-weighted imaging provides information on renal diffusion and perfusion simultaneously, with quantification by the apparent diffusion coefficient, the decrease of which reflects renal function impairment. Diffusion-tensor imaging accounts for the directionality of molecular motion and measures fractional anisotropy of the kidneys. Blood oxygen level-dependent MR evaluates intrarenal oxygen bioavailability, generating the parameter of R2* (reflecting the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin). A decrease in R2* could happen during acute rejection. MR nephro-urography/renography demonstrates structural data depicting urinary tract obstructions and functional data regarding the glomerular filtration and blood flow. MR angiography details the transplant vasculature and is particularly suitable for detecting vascular complications, with good correlation with digital subtraction angiography. Other functional MRI technologies, such as arterial spin labeling and MR spectroscopy, are showing additional promise. This review highlights MRI as a comprehensive modality to diagnose a variety of etiologies of graft dysfunction, including prerenal (e.g., renal vasculature), renal (intrinsic causes) and postrenal (e.g., obstruction of the collecting system) etiologies.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Diffusion-weighted imaging, Diffusion-tensor imaging, Kidney transplantation, Dysfunction, Magnetic resonance renography, Blood oxygen level-dependent, Magnetic resonanc angiography, Functional evaluation

Core tip: Kidney transplantation has been widely used clinically, and early detection of graft dysfunction with noninvasive imaging is crucial for postoperative management. Conventional imaging mainly focuses on morphology and has limited utility in functional aspects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent soft-tissue contrast, and new technologies, such as diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-tensor imaging, blood oxygen level-dependent MRI, MR nephro-urography/renography, and MR angiography, provide more functional information and are therefore are well suited to graft evaluation. This review illustrates the utility of functional MRI as a comprehensive modality to diagnose a variety of etiologies of graft dysfunction.