Multimodal analgesia in cardiac surgery: Impact on postoperative medication consumption and cognitive function

Table 1 Baseline of the two groups

Group	Number of cases	Gender breakdown	Age range	Weight range (kg)	American Society of Anesthesiologists classification	Cardiac function classification
Group A	76	37 males, 39 females	18-60	34-72	2-3	2
Group B	74	36 males, 38 females	18-60	39-70	2-3	2

Table 2 Clinical symptom indicators for the two groups

Group	Number of cases	Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia drug usage per unit time (mL/hour)	Extubation time (hour)	Intensive care unit stay duration (hour)
Group A	76	4.26 ± 0.67	3.81 ± 0.32	28.63 ± 4.31
Group B	74	2.21 ± 0.24	2.32 ± 0.43	15.32 ± 2.63

Table 3 Comparison of Visual Analogue Scale scores

Group	0.5 h	2 h	4 h	8 h	16 h
Group A	7.82 ± 1.20	5.63 ± 1.18	5.43 ± 1.20	4.39 ± 0.85	3.96 ± 0.56
Group B	5.15 ± 1.12	4.23 ± 1.02	3.21 ± 1.05	2.42 ± 0.65	1.12 ± 0.52
t value	9.344	5.156	7.998	10.576	21.349
P value	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001

Table 4 Distribution of postoperative complications in the two patient groups

Group	Respiratory depression	Atelectasis	Pneumonia	Somnolence	Nausea and vomiting
Group A	34 (37.9)	36 (41.4)	4 (4.6)	9 (10.3)	12 (13.8)
Group B	0 (0)	3 (4.8)	3 (4.8)	10 (16.1)	20 (32.3)

Data are presented as n (%).

Table 5 Comparison of postoperative cognitive dysfunction incidence and mini-mental state examination scores between the two groups (n = 50)

Group	Preoperative	Postoperative day 3	Postoperative day 5	Postoperative day 7	MMSE score preoperative	MMSE score day 3	MMSE score day 5	MMSE score day 7
Group A	0%	28%	23%	18%	28.35 ± 3.05	18.09 ± 1.56	20.14 ± 1.87	22.14 ± 2.46
Group B	0%	16%	12%	8%	28.07 ± 2.98	22.99 ± 2.32	23.08 ± 2.11	24.65 ± 3.06
P value	1.00	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.63	0.03	0.01	0.01

MMSE: Mini-mental state examination.

Table 6 Comparison of Barthel Index scores between the two groups

Group	Preoperative	Postoperative day 3	Postoperative day 5	Postoperative day 7
Group A	96.79 ± 5.84	48.81 ± 3.35	53.13 ± 3.82	65.28 ± 5.97
Group B	97.04 ± 6.33	54.29 ± 4.06	67.74 ± 5.14	74.23 ± 6.38
P value	0.83	0.01	0.01	0.01