Impact of gut microbiome on atrial fibrillation: Mechanistic insights and future directions in individualized medicine

Figure 1 Gut dysbiosis and its role in atrial fibrillation. F/B: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes.

Figure 2 Pathological link between gut dysbiosis and atrial fibrillation. AF: Atrial Fibrillation; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; GPCR: G-protein coupled receptor; GPR: G-protein-coupled receptor; IL: Interleukin; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: Nod-like receptor protein 3; PAGln Phenylacetylglutamine; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide.

Figure 3 Gut modulation-based individualized care in atrial fibrillation. AF: Atrial fibrillation; GPC: G-protein coupled; HF: Heart failure; MI: Myocardial infarction; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids.