Mercola J. Integrative cardiovascular disease therapy: Linoleic acid restriction, enhanced external counterpulsation, and emerging nanotherapies. World J Cardiol 2025; 17(8): 110163 [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i8.110163]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Joseph Mercola, Researcher, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States. drm@mercola.com
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Joseph Mercola, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States
Author contributions: Mercola J was the sole author responsible for study conception and design, data acquisition and interpretation, manuscript preparation and revision, final approval of the version to be published, and agrees to be accountable for the integrity of the work in all respects.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Joseph Mercola, Researcher, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States. drm@mercola.com
Received: May 30, 2025 Revised: June 12, 2025 Accepted: July 18, 2025 Published online: August 26, 2025 Processing time: 83 Days and 6.5 Hours
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality, projected to increase by 73.4% from 2025 to 2050 despite declining age-standardized rates. Contemporary interventions, such as percutaneous coronary intervention and statins, reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) by 25%-30%, yet a 20% five-year MACE risk persists in high-risk cohorts. These approaches, historically focused on luminal stenosis, fail to address systemic atherogenesis drivers like endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Specifically, dietary linoleic acid restriction (< 5 g/day) reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein by approximately 15% by limiting peroxidation-prone bisallylic bonds, mitigating arterial inflammation, a key atherogenic trigger. Enhanced external counterpulsation, through pulsatile shear stress, enhances nitric oxide-mediated coronary perfusion, alleviating angina in approximately 70% of refractory cases unresponsive to revascularization. Nanoparticle-facilitated chelation targets atherosclerotic plaques with precision, reducing calcium content by up to 30% in preclinical models, offering a novel avenue for lesion reversal. These innovations collectively address residual risk by tackling root causes, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque instability, potentially halving MACE rates with widespread adoption. Despite promising preliminary data, gaps remain in long-term safety and scalability. Robust clinical trials are needed to validate these approaches, which collectively aim to transform cardiovascular disease management by prioritizing prevention and vascular restoration, potentially reducing coronary events to a public health rarity.
Core Tip: Cardiovascular disease care still leaves a 20% five-year major adverse cardiovascular events risk. This review outlines an integrative, root-cause strategy combining dietary linoleic acid restriction (< 5 g/day) to lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein, non-invasive enhanced external counterpulsation to boost nitric-oxide-mediated perfusion, and plaque-targeted nanoliposomal chelation to reverse calcification. These scalable, affordable interventions collectively target oxidative stress, endothelial inflammation and plaque instability, offering a realistic roadmap to transform coronary events from commonplace to rare and potentially reshape future cardiovascular disease management.
