Published online Jul 26, 2022. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v14.i7.427
Peer-review started: April 7, 2022
First decision: May 12, 2022
Revised: May 13, 2022
Accepted: June 17, 2022
Article in press: June 17, 2022
Published online: July 26, 2022
As people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) enjoy longer life expectancy with highly effective antiretroviral therapy, they are encountering challenging cardiovascular health risks.
To retrospectively examine the increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases in PLWH over the past decade.
All hospitalizations for heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) in PLWH were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and ICD-10-CM codes in the National Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2018. Outcomes included number of hospitalizations, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and total hospital charge. Trend of the outcomes from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed using Cochran-Armitage trend test and simple linear regression.
The number of hospitalizations for HF in PLWH increased from 4212 in 2008 to 6700 in 2018 (Ptrend < 0.01). Similar increasing trend was seen with those for IHD and CeVD over the decade (Ptrend < 0.01). A decreasing trend of in-hospital mortality was observed in all hospitalizations of PLWH (Ptrend < 0.01) and CeVD in PLWH (Ptrend < 0.01), but not in those for HF (Ptrend = 0.67) and IHD (Ptrend = 0.13). The trend of length of stay was decreasing in all hospitalizations of PLWH (Ptrend < 0.01), but increasing in those for HF in PLWH (Ptrend < 0.01). An increasing trend of total hospital charge was observed in hospitalizations for HF, IHD, and CeVD (Ptrend < 0.01).
The burden of cardiovascular diseases has significantly increased in hospitalizations of PLWH from 2008 to 2018. Continued efforts are needed to address the additional cardiovascular risks in this vulnerable population.
Core Tip: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk of developing cardi