Effects of totally implantable venous access ports on complications and quality of life in gastrointestinal cancer chemotherapy

Table 1 Comparison of demographic characteristics between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	PICC group (n = 199)	TIVAP group (n = 147)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	64.48 ± 13.42	64.87 ± 12.96	0.268	0.789
Male/female	107 (53.77)/92 (46.23)	81 (55.10)/66 (44.90)	0.061	0.806
BMI (kg/m²)	28.78 ± 5.97	27.56 ± 6.14	1.853	0.065
Ethnicity			1.512	0.219
Han	153 (76.88)	121 (82.31)
Others	46 (23.12)	26 (17.69)
Smoking history			0.217	0.641
Yes	83 (41.71)	65 (44.22)
No	116 (58.29)	82 (55.78)
Drinking history			0.073	0.787
Yes	134 (67.34)	101 (68.71)
No	65 (32.66)	46 (31.29)
Diabetes history			0.242	0.623
Yes	52 (26.13)	35 (23.81)
No	147 (73.87)	112 (76.19)
Hypertension history			0.889	0.346
Yes	36 (18.09)	21 (14.29)
No	163 (81.91)	126 (85.71)
Allergy history			1.456	0.228
Yes	43 (21.61)	40 (27.21)
No	156 (78.39)	107 (72.79)
Taking fluorouracil			0.013	0.910
Yes	122 (61.31)	91 (61.90)
No	77 (38.69)	56 (38.10)
Past history of thrombosis			2.527	0.112
Yes	52 (26.13)	50 (34.01)
No	147 (73.87)	97 (65.99)
Past history of hemorrhage			0.257	0.612
Yes	35 (17.59)	29 (19.73)
No	164 (82.41)	118 (80.27)
CVAD history			0.035	0.851
Yes	168 (84.42)	123 (83.67)
No	31 (15.58)	24 (16.33)
Planned treatment mode			0	1.000
Inpatient	6 (3.02)	5 (3.40)
Outpatient	193 (96.98)	142 (96.60)

PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports; BMI: Body mass index; CVAD: Central venous access device.

Table 2 Comparison of gastrointestinal cancer features between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	PICC group (n = 199)	TIVAP group (n = 147)	χ2	P value
Tumor site			3.157	0.368
Esophagus	52 (26.13)	45 (30.61)
Stomach	59 (29.65)	40 (27.21)
Colorectal	68 (34.17)	54 (36.73)
Others	20 (10.05)	8 (5.44)
Tumor staging			0.181	0.670
< 3	43 (21.61)	29 (19.73)
≥ 3	156 (78.39)	118 (80.27)

PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports.

Table 3 Comparison of insertion characteristics between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	PICC group (n = 199)	TIVAP group (n = 147)	t/χ2	P value
Laterality			0.800	0.371
Right	136 (68.34)	107 (72.79)
Left	63 (31.66)	40 (27.21)
Puncture attempts			0.003	0.953
Yes	7 (3.52)	5 (3.40)
No	192 (96.48)	142 (96.60)
Anesthetic approach			6.872	0.076
No LA	2 (1.01)	3 (2.04)
LA only	168 (84.42)	135 (91.84)
LA and sedation	10 (5.03)	4 (2.72)
General anesthetic	19 (9.55)	5 (3.40)
Tip position			0.035	0.852
Distal SVC/RA	165 (82.91)	123 (83.67)
Others	34 (17.09)	24 (16.33)
Prophylactic antibiotics given			1.910	0.167
Yes	39 (19.60)	38 (25.85)
No	160 (80.40)	109 (74.15)
Type of dressing applied			1.130	0.288
Non-antimicrobial	140 (70.35)	111 (75.51)
Antimicrobial	59 (29.65)	36 (24.49)
Treatment goal			1.025	0.311
Adjuvant	155 (77.89)	121 (82.31)
Palliative	44 (22.11)	26 (17.69)
Operating time (min)	43.41 ± 12.28	41.74 ± 12.62	1.234	0.218

PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports; LA: Local anesthetic; RA: Right atrium; SVC: Superior vena cava.

Table 4 Comparison of catheter-related complication rate between two groups, n (%)

Parameters	PICC group (n = 199)	TIVAP group (n = 147)	χ2	P value
Number of complications			7.869	0.005
0	107 (53.77)	101 (68.71)
≥ 1	92 (46.23)	46 (31.29)
Pneumothorax	0 (0)	0 (0)	0	1.000
Haematoma	15 (7.54)	10 (6.80)	0.068	0.794
Procedure failed	8 (4.02)	15 (10.20)	5.210	0.022
CR-DVT	21 (10.55)	5 (3.40)	6.222	0.013
Catheter infection	6 (3.02)	16 (10.88)	8.793	0.003
CRBSI	5 (2.51)	12 (8.16)	5.778	0.016
Catheter occlusion	23 (11.56)	4 (2.72)	9.176	0.002
Mechanical event	23 (11.56)	5 (3.40)	7.562	0.006

PICC: Peripherally inserted central catheter; TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports; CRBSI: Catheter-related blood stream infection; CR-DVT: Catheter-related deep vein thrombosis.

Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analysis of catheter-related complications in chemotherapy patients with gastrointestinal cancer, n (%)

Parameters	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	P value	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI
TIVAP	0.005	0.530	0.337-0.825	0.014	0.562	0.355-0.889
Distal SVC/RA	0.022	0.515	0.290-0.908	0.015	0.478	0.264-0.868
Prophylactic antibiotics given	0.011	0.487	0.274-0.839	0.045	0.557	0.314-0.986
Antimicrobial dressing applied	0.030	0.572	0.343-0.939	0.014	0.517	0.305-0.877

TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports; RA: Right Atrium; SVC: Superior vena cava.

Table 6 Univariate and multivariate analysis of quality of life in chemotherapy patients with gastrointestinal cancer, n (%)

Parameters	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	P value	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI
TIVAP	0.005	0.522	0.330-0.816	0.020	0.578	0.364-0.918
Distal SVC/RA	0.012	0.511	0.302-0.862	0.026	0.542	0.317-0.929
Prophylactic antibiotics given	0.044	0.582	0.339-0.975	0.047	0.591	0.344-1.015
Antimicrobial dressing applied	0.019	0.554	0.335-0.902	0.049	0.601	0.362-0.997

TIVAP: Totally implantable venous access ports; RA: Right Atrium; SVC: Superior vena cava.