Perioperative anticoagulation reduces the incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients

Variables	Observation group (n = 101)	Control group (n = 104)	t or χ2	P value
Sex	-	-	2.537	0.111
Female	49	39	-	-
Male	52	65	-	-
Age (years), M (Q1, Q3)	66 (56.5, 76)	60.5 (52, 69.25)	4.452	0.065
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	23.14 ± 3.03	22.79 ± 3.16	0.800	0.425
Smoking history	-	-	0.180	0.671
Yes	35	39	-	-
No	66	65	-	-
Drinking history	-	-	0.547	0.460
Yes	41	37	-	-
No	60	67	-	-
Hypertension	19	20	0.058	0.939
Diabetes	11	13	0.128	0.720
Heart disease	0	2	0.505	0.477

M: Median; Q1: 25^th percentile; Q3: 75^th percentile; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of surgical conditions between the two groups

Variables	Observation group (n = 101)	Control group (n = 104)	t or χ2	P value
Intraoperative hemorrhage volume (mL)	30.0 (20.0-50.0)	30.0 (20.0-50.0)	0.125	0.945
Operative time (minute)	140.0 (120.0-174.0)	135.0 (105.0-175.0)	0.667	0.505
Drainage volume (mL)	710.0 (435.0-1140.0)	720.0 (480.0-1205.0)	0.092	0.824
Drainage time (day)	4.0 (3.0-5.8)	4.0 (3.0-6.0)	0.852	0.463
Postoperative bleeding	2	1	0.846	0.378
Pathological findings	-	-	1.856	0.366
Gastric cancer	12	8	-	-
Intestinal cancer	42	32	-	-
Others	44	62	-	-

Table 3 Comparison of venous thromboembolism incidence between the two groups

Variables	7 days postoperatively			1 month postoperatively
	Observation group (n = 86)	Control group (n = 86)	χ2/P value	Observation group (n = 96)	Control group (n = 95)	χ2/P value
VTE occurrence	-	-	3.956/0.028	-	-	4.026/0.038
Yes	11	24	-	15	28	-
No	75	62	-	81	67	-
SVT	1	5	-	3	8	-
DVT	10	19	-	12	20	-
PE	0	0	-	0	0	-

VTE: Venous thromboembolism; SVT: Superficial vein thrombosis; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; PE: Pulmonary embolism.

Table 4 Comparison of coagulation function indicators between the two groups, mean ± SD

Variables	Observation group			Control group			t or χ2/P value
	0 day	3 day	7 day	0 day	3 days	7 days	0 day	3 days	7 days
PT (seconds)	11.20 (10.90-11.70)	11.60 (11.20-12.00)	11.80 (11.30-12.43)	11.20 (10.90-11.80)	12.03 (11.85-12.20)	11.90 (11.35-12.45)	0.169/0.865	1.443/0.152	0.415/0.678
Fib (g/L)	2.64 (2.44-3.15)	6.50 (6.30-7.10)	5.84 (5.26-6.44)	2.97 (2.71-3.35)	6.67 (6.35-7.13)	6.39 (5.81-6.73)	2.091/0.077	0.693/0.488	0.447/0.655
DDi (mg/L)	0.19 ± 0.11	0.80 ± 0.25	2.97 ± 0.45	0.28 ± 0.09	0.98 ± 0.32	2.37 ± 0.55	1.380/0.168	2.374/0.018	0.698/0.485
APTT (seconds)	25.50 (24.0-27.1)	30.16 (28.14-32.46)	26.96 (25.68-28.04)	25.00 (24.0-26.20)	30.28 (28.36-32.08)	27.86 (25.54-29.65)	0.369/0.712	0.124/0.901	0.762/0.496
INR (%)	0.89 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.09	0.89 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.09	0.077/0.939	0.722/0.472	0.652/0.647
TT (seconds)	16.30 ± 2.45	14.10 ± 1.96	14.65 ± 1.88	16.20 ± 2.11	13.90 ± 1.75	14.50 ± 2.23	1.149/0.251	0.931/0.352	0.669/0.474

PT: Prothrombin time; Fib: Fibrinogen; DDi: D-dimer; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; INR: International Normalized Ratio; TT: Thrombin time.

Table 5 Clinical characteristics of venous thromboembolisms experienced by patients 1 month after gastrointestinal surgery

Variables	n = 43	Proportion (%)
Type of VTE
Asymptomatic intermuscular VTE	41	95.35
Peroneal VTE	2	4.65
Body part with DVT
Left lower extremity	16	50.00
Right lower extremity	7	21.88
Both lower extremities	9	28.13

VTE: Venous thromboembolism; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis.

Table 6 Comparison of general information between the venous thromboembolism and non-venous thromboembolism groups, n (%)

Variables	VTE group (n = 43)	Non-VTE group (n = 148)	χ2	P value
Age (years)			4.706	0.030
< 65	20 (46.51)	96 (64.86)
≥ 65	23 (53.49)	52 (35.14)
Sex			0.133	0.716
Male	26 (60.47)	94 (63.51)
Female	17 (39.53)	54 (36.49)
BMI (kg/m2)			7.971	0.005
< 24	16 (37.21)	91 (61.49)
≥ 24	27 (62.79)	57 (38.51)
Nature of disease			4.387	0.036
Benign diseases of the digestive system	5 (11.63)	40 (27.03)
Malignant diseases of the digestive system	38 (88.37)	108 (72.97)
Surgical methods			4.978	0.026
Open surgery	26 (60.47)	61 (41.22)
Laparoscopic surgery	17 (39.53)	87 (58.78)
Operative time (minute)			0.105	0.745
< 120	9 (20.93)	31 (20.95)
≥ 120	34 (79.07)	117 (79.05)
Long-term postoperative bedrest			5.113	0.024
Yes	31 (72.09)	78 (52.70)
No	12 (27.91)	70 (47.30)

VTE: Venous thromboembolism; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 7 Multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variables	OR	95%CI	P value
Age	6.406	4.004-15.425	< 0.001
BMI	2.694	1.336-5.433	0.006
Nature of disease	1.762	2.785-5.028	0.021
Surgical methods	1.867	0.539-6.460	0.324
Long-term postoperative bedrest	0.737	0.162-3.348	0.693

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index.