Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Diabetes. Sep 15, 2016; 7(17): 354-395
Published online Sep 15, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.354
Table 1 Classification of degree of obesity by body mass index
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Normal weight18.5-24.9
Overweight grade 125-26.9
Overweight grade 227-29.9
Obesity grade 130-34.9
Obesity grade 235-39.9
Obesity grade 3 (morbid)40-49.9
Obesity grade 4 (extreme)≥ 50
Table 2 Different formulas for calculating baseline energy needs of people
Harris-Benedict equation1
Males: BMR (kcal/d) = 66 + 13.7 × weight (kg) + 5 × height (cm) - 6.8 × age
Females: BMR (kcal/d) = 655 + 9.6 × weight (kg) + 1.8 × height (cm) - 4.7 × age
Mifflin St Jeor equation2
Males: BMR (kcal/d) = 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) - 5 × age + 5
Females: BMR (kcal/d) = 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) - 5 × age - 161
Table 3 Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and carbohydrates portion
GI: Observed increase in blood glucose after eating 50 g of a food, compared with the observed increase after intake of 50 g of white bread or glucose
Glycaemic load: GI × total amount of carbohydrates (grams) of the usual food portion
Carbohydrates portion: amount of food containing 10 g of carbohydrates
Table 4 Relationship between maximum oxygen consumption, % of maximum heart rate and subjective perceived exertion
Intensity% oxygen consumption% maximum heart rate1Subjective perceived exertion
Very light< 20< 35< 10
Light20-3935-5410-11
Moderate40-5955-6912-13
High60-8470-8914-16
Very high> 85> 9017-19
Maximum10010020
Table 5 Type of insulin by onset of action, peak effect and duration of action
Insulin typeOnset of actionPeak effectDuration of action
Lispro, aspart, glulisine5 to 15 min45 to 75 min2 to 4 h
RegularAbout 30 min2 to 4 h5 to 8 h
NPHAbout 2 h4 to 12 h18 to 28 h
Insulin glargineAbout 2 hNo peak20 to 24 h
Insulin detemirAbout 2 hNo peak6 to 24 h1
NPLAbout 2 hSix hours15 h
Insulin degludecAbout 2 hNo peak> 40 h
Insulin U-300About 2 hNo peak> 36 h