Pharmacogenetic studies update in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Currently available antidiabetic drugs and their associated candidate genes involved in efficacy/toxicity

Class	Common medical representatives	Mechanism of action	Candidate genes involved in pharmacotherapy	Ref.
Biguanide	Metformin	AMP-kinase activation	SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC47A1, SLC47A2	[28-39]
Sulfonylureas	Gliburide, gliclazide, Glimepiride, glipizide	Inhibition of KATP channel on plasma membrane of β-cells	KCNJ11, ABCC8, CYP2C9, TCF7L2	[8,10,48-91]
Thiazolidinediones	Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone	Activates PPAR-γ	PPAR-γ, ADIPOQ, TNF-α, LEP, CYP2C8	[92-131]
Meglitinides	Nateglinide, repaglinide	Inhibition of KATP channel on Plasma Membrane of β-cells	SLCOB1, CYP2C8, KCNQ1, SLC30A8, KCNJ11, TCF7L2	[78,106,132-144]
DPP-4 inhibitors	Alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin	Inhibits DPP-4, Affect GLP-1 receptor pathway	Possibly TCF7L2	[145-148]
α-glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose, miglitol, voglibose	Inhibits intestinal α-glucosidase	Yet to identify?	[10]
SGLT-2 inhibitors	Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin	Inhibits SGLT2 transporters in kidney	Yet to identify?	[10]
GLP-1 agonist	Exenatide, liraglutide	Activate GLP-1 receptor	Yet to identify?	[10]

DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT-2: Sodium glucose transporter-2; GLP-1: Glucagon like peptide-1; KATP: ATP-sensitive potassium channel; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.