Perception of difficulty and glucose control: Effects on academic performance in youth with type I diabetes

Table 1 Characteristics of participants

	Mean	SD
Disease duration (mo)	48.05	41.08
BMI (kg/m2)	21.18	3.85
Peripheral blood glucose (mm/dL)	190.99	89.27
HbA1c (%)	8.39	1.63
Digit symbol coding	55.38	14.7
Digit symbol paring	11.44	5.16
Digit symbol free recall	7.38	1.41
Trails A (s)	39.67	19.02
Trails B (s)	92.74	64.84
COWA	20.26	6.62
CDI	7.23	5.54
Perception of difficulty1	10.15	2.95
Grades2	4.1	0.77

¹Range 1-20;

²Range low to high; 1-5. BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; COWA: Controlled Oral Word Association; CDI: Child depression inventory.

Table 2 Correlations among the variables

	Academic performance	HbA1c	Peripheral blood glucose	CDI	Perceptions of difficulty
Academic performance1	-	-0.26	-0.37a	-0.43b	-0.48b
HbA1c		-	0.42b	0.03	0.34a
Peripheral blood glucose2			-	0.22	0.47b
CDI3				-	0.27

¹Low scores indicate poor grades;

²Low score-lower glucose levels;

³Higher scores more depression.

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01. HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; CDI: Child depression inventory.

Table 3 Linear multiple regression analysis for variables predicting academic performance¹

	β	R2 change
Peripheral blood glucose2	-0.37	0.14a
Child depression inventory3	-0.36	0.12a
Perceptions of difficulty on neurological tests	-0.33	0.08a

¹Low scores indicate poor grades;

²Low score-lower glucose levels;

³Higher score more depression.

^aP < 0.05. β: Standardized coefficient beta.

Table 4 Linear multiple regression analysis for variables predicting peripheral blood glucose¹

	β	R2 change
Academic performance2	-0.37	0.14b
Child depression inventory3	0.08	0.01
Perceptions of difficulty on neurological test	0.38	0.11b

¹Low score-lower glucose levels;

²Low scores indicate poor grades;

³Higher scores more depression.

^bP < 0.01. β: Standardized coefficient beta.

Table 5 Linear multiple regression analysis for variables predicting peripheral blood glucose¹

	β	R2 change
Perceptions of difficulty on neurological test	0.47	0.22b
Academic performance2	-0.18	0.03
Child depression inventory3	0.05	0.00

¹Low score-lower glucose levels;

²Low scores indicate poor grades;

³Higher scores more depression.

^bP < 0.01. β: Standardized coefficient beta.